iiinova — where your digital self keeps evolving

Vercidium @vercidium.com · 25/01/2025

All of this was rendering incredibly slowly, so I switched to an instanced rendering system. This was also initially buggy, producing some strange images:

The same isometric world as before but everything is grass and all the blocks are the same size

Isometric view of the world appearing from the void below, but the opacity of each block appears to be random

Isometric view of the world, but only grass is visible

Isometric view of the world, but the wooden buildings are 'cutting' holes into the dirt/grass behind them

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Vercidium @vercidium.com · 25/01/2025

Shadows were finally working, and I also fixed specular lighting

Isometric view of a blocky world with a dirt path, grass, a wooden building and shiny sunlight

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Vercidium @vercidium.com · 25/01/2025

I then enabled shadows. Initially my engine only supported Cascaded shadows, which is overkill for this. I added a new 'Spotlight' shadow system, which only renders the scene to one depth texture. I messed up some OpenGL calls which led to these strange glitches:

Isometric view of the same blocky world with shadows incorrectly darkening each block in a strange pattern

Birds eye view of the same blocky world with shadows incorrectly darkening each block in a strange pattern, and a huge hole in the middle

Isometric view of the same blocky world with shadows nearly applied correctly

Isometric view of the same blocky world with shadows applied in inverse (shadows are brighter)

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Vercidium @vercidium.com · 25/01/2025

I then animated it appearing from the void below. All these blocks were being rendered one at a time, which was very slow! I changed to an instanced rendering system, which brought it up from 48 up to 560 FPS.

The isometric world falling away into the void below, one block at a time

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Vercidium @vercidium.com · 25/01/2025

Started very basic with a smaller world

An isometric world with blocky dirt, grass and a basic wood building

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Vercidium @vercidium.com · 25/01/2025

Here's a sneak peek of the animations for my next YouTube video on Raytraced Audio. I'm using these wooden buildings to highlight issues with classic 'room-based' audio environments. Check out the thread for the making-of:

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Vercidium @vercidium.com · 19/01/2025

My engine now supports multiple point-shadows Now you can grab a torch and explore the darkness #gamedev

A panoramic shot of a forest, with a wood cabin on the left and a player venturing into the woods on the right. Light is emitting from the cabin and the player

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Vercidium @vercidium.com · 18/01/2025

Destroying the lootboxes looks so satisfying! Added to my wishlist

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Vercidium @vercidium.com · 18/01/2025

Really starting to think I should turn this into a game 😅 Ready for the new Valheim? #gamedev

A wide shot of a cabin in the woods after sunset, with a dark turquoise sky behind it. The cabin has a nice orange glow coming from inside it

An isometric shot of a cabin in the woods after sunset, with a dark turquoise sky behind it. The cabin has a nice orange glow coming from inside it

A long shot of a cabin in the woods after sunset, with a dark turquoise sky behind it. The cabin has a nice orange glow coming from inside it

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Vercidium @vercidium.com · 18/01/2025

Smaller clovers are darker to create the illusion of depth

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Vercidium @vercidium.com · 18/01/2025

Each clover is constructed of 20 vertices and sways in the wind.

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Vercidium @vercidium.com · 18/01/2025

It's not realistic but they also look great underwater. I'll definitely need to add some underwater vegetation next

Fallen trees poking out of the water, with large clovers underwater

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Vercidium @vercidium.com · 18/01/2025

Before and after adding small clovers. Small details like this make the world feel more full and interesting #gamedev

A patch of grass in a forest with no clovers. Looks a bit empty

A patch of grass in a forest with small 4-leaf clovers

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Vercidium @vercidium.com · 14/01/2025

New sunset colours and shadows. Before the world was going completely dark at the same time the sun set, when in reality that doesn't happen until after sunset. #gamedev

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Vercidium @vercidium.com · 06/01/2025

Here's another before and after - I love these streaks of light

Before - incorrect shadows applied to a grassy forest at sunset

After - correct shadows applied to a grassy forest at sunset

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Vercidium @vercidium.com · 06/01/2025

I fixed grass shadows recently and the difference is night and day. Lighting makes such a difference #gamedev

Before - incorrect shadows applied to a grassy landscape at sunset

After - correct shadows applied to a grassy landscape at sunset

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Vercidium @vercidium.com · 23/12/2024

Here's another mind bending animation about how 3D rendering works (it's all an illusion) I talk about it more in this free article: www.patreon.com/posts/118330... #gamedev

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Vercidium @vercidium.com · 07/12/2024

Performance is decent, the whole bloom process takes 0.4ms on a 3440x1440px screen with my RTX 3070. Using a forward renderer (no more deferred rendering!) and the improved shadows from my last post, I’m at around 370 FPS on average

Image of the NVIDIA performance overlay, showing 373 FPS, 232 99% FPS, 7.8ms render latency, 13% CPU and 91% GOU utilisation

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Vercidium @vercidium.com · 07/12/2024

I love the soft glow effect it has on these metal textures:

An isometric image of a yellow forklift with no bloom applied. On the left are the 8 bloom textures, each of which are half the resolution of the last

An isometric image of a yellow forklift with 10% bloom applied. On the left are the 8 bloom textures, each of which are half the resolution of the last

An isometric image of a yellow forklift with 100% bloom applied (my eyes!!). On the left are the 8 bloom textures, each of which are half the resolution of the last

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Vercidium @vercidium.com · 07/12/2024

Previously I used separate gColour and gBloom buffers and only wrote to gBloom if I wanted bloom applied to that part of the screen. I changed it to use one HDR gColour buffer like in this article: learnopengl.com/Guest-Articl...

An isometric image of a game level with no bloom applied. On the left are the 8 bloom textures, each of which are half the resolution of the last

An isometric image of a game level with 10% bloom applied. On the left are the 8 bloom textures, each of which are half the resolution of the last

An isometric image of a game level with 100% bloom applied (ow my eyes). On the left are the 8 bloom textures, each of which are half the resolution of the last

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Vercidium @vercidium.com · 07/12/2024

Check out these bloom effects It uses a HDR colour buffer, which can store colours greater than 255. If a colour is 300 or brighter, it is extracted into a separate buffer, then downsampled 8 times and upsampled 8 times When applied to the scene at 10% strength, metal surfaces are nice and shiny:

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Vercidium @vercidium.com · 06/12/2024

After spending 7 years learning OpenGL, I finally have stable shadows. No more flickering! Shadows and clip/light/view space have always confused me. And they still do. #gamedev

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Vercidium @vercidium.com · 02/12/2024

Block select is so useful. Use Shift + Alt to select multiple lines, then Home, End and Ctrl + Arrow Keys to navigate left and right. This refactor would take so long without it! #gamedev

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Vercidium @vercidium.com · 02/12/2024

The TextureUnitHelper just keeps track of a counter that resets when a shader is bound, to ensure two different textures / sampler types aren't using the same texture unit. Bindless textures would also solve this, but I'd like to maintain support for older GPUs

A C# class with the following code:

public static class TextureUnitHelper
{
static int TextureBinding = 0;

public static int GetAvailableTextureUnit() => TextureBinding++;

public static void OnShaderBound()
{
TextureBinding = 0;
}
}

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Vercidium @vercidium.com · 02/12/2024

The best change is that textures are now bound at the same time uniforms are set. This uniform class is the only time that glActiveTexture is called, which means uniforms and textures will never be out of sync.

A C# class with the following code:

public abstract class ShaderUniformSamplerBase(string name) : ShaderUniform(name)
{
protected TextureTarget target;

public override void ResetCache()
{
lastUnit = -1;
}

public int lastUnit = -1;

public void Set(uint handle)
{
AssertActive();

var unit = TextureUnitHelper.GetAvailableTextureUnit();

Gl.ActiveTexture(TextureUnit.Texture0 + unit);
Gl.BindTexture(target, handle);

if (unit == lastUnit)
return;

Gl.Uniform1(location, unit);
lastUnit = unit;
}
}

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Vercidium @vercidium.com · 02/12/2024

So I changed ShaderUniform to be an abstract class, with multiple ShaderUniform<Type> classes that inherit from it. To define uniforms for a shader, I can now call AddUInt(...), AddFloat(...), etc:

A C# class with the following code:

public unsafe class ShaderUniformFloat(string name) : ShaderUniform(name)
{
public override void ResetCache()
{
last = 0;
}

public override string Type => "float";

public float last;
public void Set(double v) => Set((float)v);
public void Set(float v)
{
AssertActive();

if (v == last)
return;

Gl.Uniform1(location, v);
last = v;
}
}

A C# class with the following code:

public class AnimatedUniforms : ShaderUniformHelper
{
public AnimatedUniforms() : base("")
{
data = AddUInt("data");
renderDistance = AddFloat("renderDistance");
mvp = AddMat4("mvp");
objectMat = AddMat4("objectMat");
}

public ShaderUniformUInt data;
public ShaderUniformFloat renderDistance;
public ShaderUniformMat4 mvp;
public ShaderUniformMat4 objectMat;
}

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Vercidium @vercidium.com · 02/12/2024

Hundreds of errors in Visual Studio, we meet again! After refactoring shaders to support hot reloading (which is awesome) I realised the way textures were bound to shaders wasn't great. So now, I'm refactoring shaders... again...

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Vercidium @vercidium.com · 01/12/2024

Shader Hot Reloading is working! If the current shader string is different to the last, the shader gets recreated and its uniforms are reconnected. Also if the shader string is invalid (e.g. syntax error), it will revert to the last working shader. #gamedev

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Vercidium @vercidium.com · 30/11/2024

The shader refactor is complete and the project is building again. Now it's time to fix all the runtime bugs 😅 The codebase is much leaner though: 157 files changed 4860 insertions 8485 deletions Net: 3625 lines deleted #gamedev

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Vercidium @vercidium.com · 29/11/2024

Working on a huge shader refactor today, with the goal of being able to hot reload shaders. Each shader used to be two large strings (one for the fragment shader and one for the vertex shader), but now they are constructed from these 5 strings. This keeps uniform and varying names consistent too!

A screenshot of a GLSL shader helper class, written in C#

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Vercidium @vercidium.com · 28/11/2024

Why can you hear sounds above + below you in games, when your headphones only have speakers on the left + right?

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Vercidium @vercidium.com · 27/11/2024

Final animation with the new triangulation effect. Love the way the headphones appear

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Vercidium @vercidium.com · 27/11/2024

2nd and 3rd attempt. Next step is to blend them into the background colour

A low poly man with the top half split into white triangles

A low poly man with the bottom half split into white triangles

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Vercidium @vercidium.com · 27/11/2024

The culprit: t-pose man

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Vercidium @vercidium.com · 27/11/2024

For every polished animation, there are countless attempts that didn't work 😅 #gamedev

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Vercidium @vercidium.com · 27/11/2024

1st attempt, glitched out a bit but looks cool

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Vercidium @vercidium.com · 27/11/2024

What do you think of these "Dissolving Triangle" animations? I'd like the triangles to change to a wireframe view first, and then subtly shrink + fade out

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Vercidium @vercidium.com · 26/11/2024

And lastly here's an enclosed room where no rays can escape

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Vercidium @vercidium.com · 26/11/2024

Here's an indoor corridor example

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Vercidium @vercidium.com · 26/11/2024

Here's another angle from the ground

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Vercidium @vercidium.com · 26/11/2024

Check out these raytraced audio animations - White lines are the rays cast outwards from the player - Blue lines are the reverb rays returning to the player - Yellow lines are the rays that have discovered a sound source #gamedev

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Vercidium @vercidium.com · 25/11/2024

I revisited my low poly renderer to fix some bugs, then stayed for a while to appreciate golden hour

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Vercidium @vercidium.com · 24/11/2024

I'm a game dev from Australia and I specialise in optimisation and 3D rendering. I spent 7 years creating a game engine, and now I'm teaching what I've learned over at youtube.com/vercidium I also write free blog posts at patreon.com/vercidium and I'm keen to start writing here on Bluesky too

A GIF of a 2D terrain heightmap being broken down into a grid of triangle strips, then down to its basic component: a single triangle

A GIF of a graphics card appearing from thin air, with the fans spinning

A GIF demonstrating how pixels are copied from the CPU to the graphics card, using the OpenGL functions glGenTexture and glTexImage2D

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