iiinova — where your digital self keeps evolving

Reposted by Adam Rains

Linn Boldt-Christmas @nplinnspace.bsky.social · 28/04/2026

🪐🔭 Our paper on everyone's favourite popcorn #exoplanet, WASP-107 b, has now been accepted for publication in A&A! Here is the updated arXiv version: arxiv.org/abs/2508.18964 The main science results are covered in the original thread below ⬇️ but since we added a bunch of cool new things... 🧪🧵

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Adam Rains @spectraltypos.bsky.social · 17/09/2025

This one has spent a *long* time in the oven, so credit to Nikolai Piskunov (lead author), @nplinnspace.bsky.social (check out her paper on the real WASP-107b data here: bsky.app/profile/npli...), and the CRIRES+ Consortium. Thanks for reading!

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Adam Rains @spectraltypos.bsky.social · 17/09/2025

Not a lot of plots here I'm afraid as they're best read in context lest I *really* bloat this thread, so I'll point you to the paper. I know I'm a little biased, but for a paper with this many equations (it is a methodology paper after all) it's very readable and we try to put our work in context!

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Adam Rains @spectraltypos.bsky.social · 17/09/2025

Summary: 1) New method to do exoplanet transmission spectroscopy that looks at the same data in a new way. 2) Some advantages to traditional methods, some disadvantages too—both very complementary. 3) TODO: future work fully testing the method on real data of benchmark hot Jupiter systems.

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Adam Rains @spectraltypos.bsky.social · 17/09/2025

The paper is largely based on simulated observations, but we did test on 2 nights of real data (WASP-107 b, a surprising complicated system) and saw comparable performance to 2 simulated nights. It's tricky to interpret though, as we don't actually *know* what WASP-107b's spectrum looks like!

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Adam Rains @spectraltypos.bsky.social · 17/09/2025

And it works remarkably well! Check the paper to see our results plots, but we see good reconstruction of the stellar and telluric features, and the planet reconstruction gets better with each additional transit we add.

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Adam Rains @spectraltypos.bsky.social · 17/09/2025

This works better the more transits/spectra we have, as each new transit 'shuffles' the Doppler shifts of the three components relative to each other making for a more constrained/less degenerate optimisation problem. Put another way, overlapping spectra in transit #1 are distinct in transit #2.

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Adam Rains @spectraltypos.bsky.social · 17/09/2025

We use these known Doppler shifts to construct models of each component (star, telluric, planet) and use those to reconstruct our observations (some N spectra taken over a transit). These models are constructed from the data and RV shifts alone (i.e. no physical star/planet atmosphere models).

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Adam Rains @spectraltypos.bsky.social · 17/09/2025

Which is where our new inverse method comes in. What if instead of *detrending* the data, we tried *disentangling* it instead? To do so, we take advantage of the 3x distinct and resolved Doppler shifts/frames I mentioned earlier—something only possible from the ground.

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Adam Rains @spectraltypos.bsky.social · 17/09/2025

This isn't 100% true though, and such 'detrending' methods can and do destroy planet signal along with the stellar and telluric features—especially for less-massive planets on longer period orbits. They also don't 'converge' in a mathematical sense, which is one of the downsides of their simplicity.

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Adam Rains @spectraltypos.bsky.social · 17/09/2025

Typically the field approaches the problem with a PCA-like method, where we make the (broadly correct) assumption that, exposure-to-exposure, stellar and telluric features don't change in wavelength, but the planet does, so iteratively removing per-wavelength trends in time 'cleans' the data.

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Adam Rains @spectraltypos.bsky.social · 17/09/2025

To step back, what do we observe? A spectrum has 3 parts: star, telluric (Earth's atmosphere), and planet. The first two dominate the signal, and all three have different Doppler shifts. Space-based observations don't have tellurics ✅, but aren't high-res enough to resolve these Doppler shifts ❌.

Visualisation of an example `observed' spectrum (corresponding to a CO molecular band) alongside its decomposed telluric, stellar, and exoplanetary components. From top to bottom: observed spectra (green and orange) shown for the central phase of two different transits; Telluric spectrum (purple); stellar spectrum (blue-grey) at the central phase of transit #1; and planet (WASP-107 b) 'blocking radius' at transit ingress (blue) and egress (red) on transit #1 showing the noticeable change in planetary Doppler shift of ~12.6 km/s over the transit duration--over which time the star only shifts by ~0.4 km/s. These Doppler shifts are only visible with a high-resolution spectrograph, and those are currently only available on ground-based telescopes.

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Adam Rains @spectraltypos.bsky.social · 17/09/2025

Paper day! You're doing ground-based high-resolution exoplanet transmission spectroscopy and want to analyse the planet—not the star or Earth's atmosphere. Is there a way to disentangle your spectrum *without* destroying the planet signal? arxiv.org/abs/2509.12737 🧵⬇️ 🔭 #exoplanets #astromethods

arxiv.org

TSD: An inverse problem approach for recovering the exoplanetary atmosphere transmission spectrum from high-resolution spectroscopy

Our ability to observe, detect, and characterize exoplanetary atmospheres has grown by leaps and bounds over the last 20 years, aided largely by developments in astronomical instrumentation; improveme...

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Reposted by Adam Rains

Linn Boldt-Christmas @nplinnspace.bsky.social · 27/08/2025

Do you love WASP-107 b? Do you love making use of *both* ground VLT + space JWST obs to detect molecules in a "warm" (Teq<800K) #exoplanet in transmission, even in a crazy confusing cloudy atmosphere?! 🚨 It's PAPER* DAY! Which means #scicomm thread! 🧵⬇️🔭🪐🧪 *pre-print! arxiv.org/abs/2508.18964

arxiv.org

VLT/CRIRES+ observations of warm Neptune WASP-107 b: Molecular detections and challenges in ground-based transmission spectroscopy of cooler and cloudy exoplanets

Atmospheres of transiting exoplanets can be studied spectroscopically using space-based or ground-based observations. Each has its own strengths and weaknesses, so there are benefits to both approache...

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Adam Rains @spectraltypos.bsky.social · 23/02/2024

TLDR: 1) Lots of chemical info to exploit in the optical—of interest for 🪐 host chemistry. 2) Beware of naively trusting M/K dwarf physical model spectra—they aren't (currently) a good match to reality & this affects recovered stellar properties. 3) I've helpfully quantified some of this mismatch!

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Adam Rains @spectraltypos.bsky.social · 23/02/2024

<skeets into room at full speed> Hi astro bluesky—it's paper day! I dove into optical M/K dwarf spectra—rife with molecules as they are—& found success with a data-driven 🌈 model (i.e. ML) vs physical models. 1) 🟦🌈 recovery 😌 2) 🟥🌈 recovery 😌 3) Physical model vs ML 🙃 arxiv.org/abs/2402.14639 🔭

Observed low resolution blue spectra of benchmark M/K dwarfs ordered from warmest (top, smoothest) to coolest (bottom, most wiggly) as compared to a data-driven/machine learning (ML) model. The spectra match remarkably well!

Observed medium resolution red spectra of benchmark M/K dwarfs ordered from warmest (top, smoothest) to coolest (bottom, most wiggly) as compared to a data-driven/machine learning (ML) model. The spectra match remarkably well!

Observed blue+red spectra of benchmark M/K dwarfs ordered from warmest (top, smoothest) to coolest (bottom, most wiggly) as compared to theoretical spectra from physical models. The match is poor, pointing to missing physics or molecular data in the physical models.

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