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@socmedarch.bsky.social
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socmedarch.bsky.social @socmedarch.bsky.social · 10/10/2026
It set back Norman expansion in West Wales for years. The town of Cardigan was taken and burned following the battle although Cardigan Castle (pictured) managed to hold out (Image: M J Roscoe via Wikimedia Commons CC BY-SA 2.0).
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socmedarch.bsky.social @socmedarch.bsky.social · 10/10/2026
#OnThisDay: The Battle of Crug Mawr took place on 10 October 1136 (although it may have taken place earlier). The battle was part of the struggle between the Welsh and the Normans for control of Ceredigion. It was a decisive victory for the Welsh forces, led by Owain Gwynedd.
Cardigan Castle seen from the riverside, with stone walls rising above the water. Trees grow within the castle walls.
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socmedarch.bsky.social @socmedarch.bsky.social · 10/10/2026
#OnThisDay: The Battle of Tours took place on 10 October 732. Charles Martel (pictured) defeated forces of the Umayyad Caliphate halting their northward advance into Frankish territory (Image: British Library, Royal MS 16 G VI, f.117v, photo by Levan Ramishvili, via Wikimedia Commons CC BY-SA 2.0).
Colourful medieval manuscript painting of a mounted battle. On the left, a crowd of knights in mail armour, red tunics, and round helmets charge forward with swords raised, led by a crowned knight in a blue tunic patterned with gold fleur‑de‑lis, riding a white horse draped in matching fabric. On the right, a smaller group of mounted knights meets them head‑on. Bloodied bodies of fallen knights lie trampled beneath the horses.
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socmedarch.bsky.social @socmedarch.bsky.social · 09/10/2026
Medieval news time! Here are two stories you may have missed. First, 1300-year-old Viking clothing found in Denmark: tinyurl.com/socmedarch137 Then, study finds that medieval monks helped spark England’s wool economy: tinyurl.com/socmedarch138
tinyurl.com
Archaeologists in Denmark Discover Rare Fragments of 1,300-Year-Old Clothing Preserved Inside a Viking Age Grave
Researchers found the textile traces on a pair of metal brooches. When the accessories corroded, they released metallic salts that inadvertently preserved the fabric for centuries
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socmedarch.bsky.social @socmedarch.bsky.social · 09/10/2026
📢 We are pleased to announce that registration for the 2026 SMA Student Colloquium is NOW OPEN! The event is free for SMA members (£20 for non-members) and you can also join us online. Book here: tinyurl.com/SMAStudentConf Registration closes on 9th November.
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socmedarch.bsky.social @socmedarch.bsky.social · 03/10/2026
#OnThisDay: Dafydd ap Gruffydd was executed 3 October 1283. He was the first person known to have been tried and executed for high treason and the first high-profile person in Britain to be hung, drawn and quartered. (Image: Dolbadarn Castle, Cadw via Wikimedia Commons, OGLv1.0).
Aerial photograph showing the ruins of a large castle on a low rocky green mound. A round tower stands behind extensive stone foundations of former buildings, with dramatic mountains in the background and a broad blue lake to the left.
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socmedarch.bsky.social @socmedarch.bsky.social · 03/10/2026
#OnThisDay: The second reign of Henry VI began on 3 October 1470. Pictured is a gold Angel of Henry VI dating to 1470. (Image: Classical Numismatic Group Inc. via Wikimedia Commons CC BY-SA 3.0).
Photograph of both sides of a gold coin. The left image (obverse) shows a haloed St George slaying the dragon with a long spear, with lettering encircling the image. The right image (reverse) shows a ship on water carrying a shield with the Arms of England below a cross, with lettering encircling the image.
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socmedarch.bsky.social @socmedarch.bsky.social · 03/10/2026
Fancy a little bit of reading for the weekend? Then check out our round-up from our recent conference in York: medievalarchaeology.co.uk/sma-conferen... We have more to come before the year is out too! Stay tuned for details of our Student Colloquium and the Winter Symposium!
medievalarchaeology.co.uk
The Society for Medieval Archaeology | SMA Conference 2026 Round-up
The Society for Medieval Archaeology was established to study evidence of the past, whether standing buildings, landscapes, buried remains or artefacts in museums.
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socmedarch.bsky.social @socmedarch.bsky.social · 02/10/2026
"The Pencil" (pictured) was built in 1912 to commemorate the battle. (Image: Pradeep Antony Amalraj via Wikimedia Commons CC BY-SA 2.0).
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socmedarch.bsky.social @socmedarch.bsky.social · 02/10/2026
#OnThisDay: The Battle of Largs took place on 2 October 1263. Haakon Haakonsson, King of Norway, attempted to reassert Norwegian sovereignty over the western seaboard of Scotland. The Norwegain forces were beaten into retreat by Alexander III's Scottish forces.
Photograph of a dark grey stone round tower with a pointed conical roof. A small rectangular window sits just below the roofline, and a narrow wooden door set in sand‑coloured stone is positioned slightly above head height.
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socmedarch.bsky.social @socmedarch.bsky.social · 02/10/2026
Medieval news time! Here are two recent stories you might have missed. First, a 10th century wooden tomb containing a nobleman, his horse and his dog discovered in Russia: tinyurl.com/socmedarch135 And a new DNA study reveals how Europe changed after the Fall of Rome: tinyurl.com/socmedarch136
tinyurl.com
Archaeologists unearth a medieval nobleman buried with his horse and dog in a rare wooden tomb in Russia
A rare example of a wooden chamber tomb reveals connections between medieval Norse and Old Russian burial styles.
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socmedarch.bsky.social @socmedarch.bsky.social · 01/10/2026
#OnThisDay: The reign of Eadgar, known as Edgar the Peaceful, began on 1 October 959. He's pictured here on the frontispiece of the Winchester New Minster Charter, offering the Charter up to Christ (Image: British Library, MS Cott. Vesp A. VIII, folio 2, verso, S 745, Public Domain via Wiki Commons)
Medieval illuminated manuscript page showing Christ enthroned, supported by two angels on each side. Below him stands Eadgar, wearing a crown, red tunic, and blue cloak. He holds his hands up towards Christ, a small book in his left hand. He is flanked by the Virgin Mary to his left, in green robes and a red hood, and St Peter to his right, in gold robes and a blue cloak. Both have gold haloes.
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socmedarch.bsky.social @socmedarch.bsky.social · 30/09/2026
#OnThisDay: The reign of Henry IV began on 30 September 1399, after he overthrew and imprisoned Richard II. This painting depicts Henry's Coronation and comes from Jean Froissart's "Chroniques, Vol. IV, part 2". (Image: British Library Harley MS 1319 f.57r, Public Domain via Wikimedia Commons).
Medieval manuscript painting of a coronation scene. Henry the Fourth sits on a throne beneath a red canopy, with the quartered arms of England behind him. He wears a gold robe and crown and holds a sceptre in his left hand. Four clergymen stand symmetrically around the throne, two on each side. The pair closest to him wear bishop’s mitres and each raises a hand in blessing.
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socmedarch.bsky.social @socmedarch.bsky.social · 29/09/2026
#OnThisDay: The Bootham Hoard was discovered on 29 September 1953, in Bootham School. It comprised a bronze vessel containing 839 English silver pennies like the one pictured here, 16 Irish coins, 40 Scottish coins & 12 continental coins. Image: York Museums Trust CC BY-SA 4.0 via Wikimedia Commons
Photograph of the obverse of a silver penny showing a crowned man’s portrait in the centre, with lettering running around the edge of the coin.
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socmedarch.bsky.social @socmedarch.bsky.social · 28/09/2026
#OnThisDay: On 28 September 1066 William, Duke of Normandy, landed his invasion fleet in Pevensey, Sussex, setting the scene for the Norman Conquest of England. Pictured are scenes 38 and 39 from the Bayeux Tapestry depicting his crossing and landing (Image: Public Domain via Wikimedia Commons).
Composite image of three sections from the Bayeux Tapestry. The top panel shows men on horseback riding toward two ships filled with soldiers preparing to sail. The middle panel depicts four ships travelling across the water. The bottom panel shows men and horses being unloaded on shore. Latin text runs along the top of each panel.
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socmedarch.bsky.social @socmedarch.bsky.social · 25/09/2026
Shown here is the battle as depicted in "The Life of St. Edward the Confessor" by Matthew Paris. (Image: Cambridge University Library MS Ee.3.59, f. 32v, Public Domain via Wikimedia Commons).
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socmedarch.bsky.social @socmedarch.bsky.social · 25/09/2026
#OnThisDay: The Battle of Stamford Bridge took place on 25 September 1066. English armies under the command of Harold Godwinson defeated an invading Norwegian force led by Harald Hadrada. Harold's victory was short-lived as just three days later, Norman forces landed in Sussex.
Medieval manuscript painting of a chaotic battlefield. At the centre, two mounted knights in mail armour fight: one, wearing a crown and a red tunic, raises a battle axe, while the other, in a blue tunic and full-face helmet, strikes him with a lance. Around them, soldiers in mail armour clash in a dense melee with longswords.
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socmedarch.bsky.social @socmedarch.bsky.social · 25/09/2026
Are you interested in the archaeology of early medieval Wales? Then check out the EMWARG 2026 Colloquium, taking place in Wrexham. Find out more here: medievalarchaeology.co.uk/emwarg-collo...
medievalarchaeology.co.uk
The Society for Medieval Archaeology | EMWARG Colloquium 2026 – Booking Now Open!
The Society for Medieval Archaeology was established to study evidence of the past, whether standing buildings, landscapes, buried remains or artefacts in museums.
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socmedarch.bsky.social @socmedarch.bsky.social · 24/09/2026
#OnThisDay: Norwich Cathedral was first consecrated on 24 September 1101. Construction began in 1096 under Bishop Herbert de Losinga and the cathedral retains much of its Norman architecture. (Image: JackPeasePhotography via Wikimedia Commons CC BY-SA 2.0).
Photograph of Norwich Cathedral on a bright day. Dark grey pitched roofs contrast with the pale stone of the cathedral walls. The tall, pointed spire rises dramatically above the rest of the building.
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socmedarch.bsky.social @socmedarch.bsky.social · 24/09/2026
Medieval news time! Here are two stories you might have missed. First, archaeologists find medieval wall under Chester Crown Court: tinyurl.com/socmedarch133 And a rare runestone has been found in the Faroe Islands: tinyurl.com/socmedarch134
tinyurl.com
Archaeologist stunned to find remains of medieval castle hidden in dingy corridor
Researchers say Chester Castle defences have survived hundreds of years hidden inside newer construction
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socmedarch.bsky.social @socmedarch.bsky.social · 21/09/2026
#OnThisDay: Edward II died on 21 September 1327. By this time, he was no longer king of England having been made to abdicate in favour of his son. He died in Berkeley Castle, Gloucestershire, though the circumstances of his death are unclear. (Image: Tilman2007 via Wikimedia Commons CC BY-SA 4.0).
Close-up of the white marble tomb effigy of Edward II, showing his head, shoulders, and upper torso. He appears as a young bearded man with chin-length hair and a crown, lying with his head on a carved pillow supported by a kneeling winged cherub.
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socmedarch.bsky.social @socmedarch.bsky.social · 20/09/2026
#OnThisDay: Salisbury Cathedral was consecrated on 20 September 1258. The original cathedral for Salisbury was located in Old Sarum but a decision to move it was taken in the late 12th century. (Image: Antony McCallum of WyrdLight.com via Wikimedia Commons CC BY-SA 4.0).
Photograph of Salisbury Cathedral on a bright day. Dark grey pitched roofs contrast with the honey-coloured stone of the cathedral walls. The tall, pointed spire rises dramatically above the rest of the building.
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socmedarch.bsky.social @socmedarch.bsky.social · 20/09/2026
#OnThisDay: The Battle of Fulford took place on 20 September 1066. This image by Matthew Paris shows the arrival of King Harald of Norway, traditionally associated with the Battle of Fulford (Image: Cambridge University Library, MS Ee.3.59, Public Domain via Wikimedia Commons).
Crowned knights in patterned green surcoats leading a seaborne landing and melee as soldiers stream down a gangplank from a ship while mounted warriors clash with defenders on the shoreline, shields and banners displaying heraldic devices.
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socmedarch.bsky.social @socmedarch.bsky.social · 19/09/2026
And that’s a wrap on the SMA 2026 Conference! 🎬A massive thank you to our hosts at the University of York and the Centre for Medieval Studies, the incredible team at the Guildhall, all of our brilliant speakers, and everyone who joined us today. Have a safe journey home, everyone! 🚂 #SMAConf2026
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socmedarch.bsky.social @socmedarch.bsky.social · 19/09/2026
The final treat of the day, our keynote speaker Professor Meggen Gondek, IHQ Head of RICHeS, a connected national infrastructure network that brings together specialist facilities, collections, research data and expertise. @heritagescience_dataservice
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socmedarch.bsky.social @socmedarch.bsky.social · 19/09/2026
We would also like to congratulate Anna-Laurie White (UCL Institute of Archaeology, MSc Environmental Archaeology) whose dissertation was Highly Commended by the judging panel.
Highly Commended: Anna-Laure White, UCL Institute of Archaeology, MSc Environmental Archaeology, for her dissertation titled "Culture or preservation? Fruit consumption in Early Islamic Morocco."
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socmedarch.bsky.social @socmedarch.bsky.social · 19/09/2026
Huge congratulations also to Ellie Comerford (University of York, MA Medieval Archaeology), winner of this year’s Society for Medieval Archaeology prize for Best Postgraduate Dissertation.
Winner: Ellie Comerford, University of York, MA Medieval Archaeology for her dissertation titled "Reuse, reduce and recycle: Miniaturisation and the rearticulation of memory and material culture on Viking-Age hogbacks."
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socmedarch.bsky.social @socmedarch.bsky.social · 19/09/2026
Huge congratulations to Jonathan Baker (University of Reading, BA Archaeology & Anthropology), winner of this year's Society for Medieval Archaeology prize for Best Undergraduate Dissertation.
Winner: Jonathan Baker, University of Reading, BA Archaeology and Anthropology for his his dissertation titled "How can the study of coin finds inform an understanding of the Middle Thames region as a distinct monetary zone and conduit of communication in the Anglo-Saxon period?"
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socmedarch.bsky.social @socmedarch.bsky.social · 19/09/2026
We are delighted to announce our 2026 dissertation prize winners. Presented by our President, Sarah Semple, these awards celebrate outstanding research and the incredible future talent in our field. Well deserved all! 👏🌟
Poster for session four at the Society for Medieval Archaeology Conference 2026.
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socmedarch.bsky.social @socmedarch.bsky.social · 19/09/2026
@samleggs22.bsky.social @edinburgharchaeo.bsky.social @maiteirisgc.bsky.social @lucyjkoster.bsky.social @brusselsbioarch.bsky.social @sedgefordarch.bsky.social
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socmedarch.bsky.social @socmedarch.bsky.social · 19/09/2026
Welcome back from lunch! Session 3 is underway, taking a deep dive into bioarchaeology, medieval foodways, and childhood isotope analysis across Europe. In this session we have talks from Samantha Jones and colleagues, Sam Leggett, Michelle Alexander and colleagues, and Lucy Koster.
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socmedarch.bsky.social @socmedarch.bsky.social · 19/09/2026
Time for Session 2! We are shifting our focus to material science and architecture, exploring everything from Stafford Ware to the structural timbers of Salisbury Cathedral. In this session we have talks from Gareth Perry and Dawn Hadley, Yannick Signer, and Kutsi Akcicek. @danelawdawn.bsky.social
Poster for session two at the Society for Medieval Archaeology Conference 2026.Graphic for a talk by Gareth Perry and Dawn Hadley titled "New insights into old problems: Archaeometric analysis of Stafford Ware."Graphic for a talk by Yannick Signer titled "New tools for old pots: Using archaeometric methods to reconstruct and recontextualise the development of pottery production in medieval Yorkshire."Graphic for a talk by Kutsi Akcicek titled "Multi-technique dendrochronological and archaeometallurgical investigation of timber and ironwork at Salisbury Cathedral."
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socmedarch.bsky.social @socmedarch.bsky.social · 19/09/2026
We are diving straight into Session 1! This morning is all about data, chronologies, and radiocarbon dating. In this session we have talks from Julian Richards, Emma Brownlee, and Aleks McClain and Gerard Barret @juliandrichards.bsky.social
Poster for session one at the Society for Medieval Archaeology Conference 2026.Graphic for a talk by Julian Richards titled "Introducing the Heritage Science Data Service."Graphic for a talk by Emma Brownlee for a talk titled "Wiggle-matching people: Towards a generational chronology in medieval cemeteries."Graphic for a talk by Aleks McClain and Gerard Barret titled "Radiocarbon dating lime mortar in medieval English churches."
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socmedarch.bsky.social @socmedarch.bsky.social · 18/09/2026
We have arrived in scenic York! The stage is set at the historic Guildhall for the SMA 2026 Conference tomorrow. We can't wait to welcome everyone for a full day of cutting-edge heritage science and medieval archaeology. Safe travels if you're on your way today (or indeed tomorrow). 🚂 #SMAConf2026
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socmedarch.bsky.social @socmedarch.bsky.social · 17/09/2026
Medieval news time! First, 1000 year old Scandinavian-style houses discovered in Wolin, Poland: tinyurl.com/socmedarch131 . And medieval abbey ruins to be protected thanks to a generous grant: tinyurl.com/socmedarch132
tinyurl.com
1,000-Year-Old Scandinavian-Style Houses Discovered in Poland’s Viking-Age Wolin | Arkeonews
Archaeologists in Poland have uncovered 1,000-year-old Scandinavian-style houses in Wolin, a major Viking Age trading port linked to
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socmedarch.bsky.social @socmedarch.bsky.social · 17/09/2026
This illumination from Hildegard’s Scivias, Rupertsberg Codex, shows Hildegard receiving a vision and dictating it to a teacher. (Image: Rupertsberg Codex, formerly Wiesbaden State Library; Public Domain via Wikimedia Commons).
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socmedarch.bsky.social @socmedarch.bsky.social · 17/09/2026
#OnThisDay: Hildegard of Bingen died on 17 September 1179. She was a German Benedictine abbess, visionary, composer, and polymath. Renowned for her theological writings, sacred music, and pioneering work in natural science and medicine, she remains a profound figure in medieval history.
Medieval manuscript painting of Hildegard wearing black nun’s robes, seated beneath a small porch or canopy. Red, flame‑like tendrils descend onto her head to depict her receiving a vision. Beside her stands a man in a brown monk’s habit, writing as she dictates.
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socmedarch.bsky.social @socmedarch.bsky.social · 14/09/2026
#OnThisDay: The Bossall-Flaxton Hoard was discovered on 14 September 1807. It was a Viking period hoard of coins, hacksilver and jewellery such as the armlet pictured. (Image: York Museums Trust via Wikimedia Commons CC BY-SA 4.0).
Close‑up photograph of a silver arm‑ring decorated with punched motifs. A central band runs around the ring; the band itself is defined by punched borders, while the small pellet‑like bumps within it are raised. On either side of this band are punched designs made from three dots arranged in tiny triangular patterns. The ring has a C‑shaped cross‑section, giving it a slightly curved, open profile.
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socmedarch.bsky.social @socmedarch.bsky.social · 12/09/2026
It's medieval news time! First, a new study examines the role of wooden casks in building Europe’s medieval trade network: tinyurl.com/socmedarch128 Then, the The worlds of football and medieval history collide – not a recent story but a nice one to revisit: tinyurl.com/socmedarch130
tinyurl.com
Medieval wooden casks helped build Europe's trade networks, study finds | Archaeology News Online Magazine
Study finds medieval wooden casks helped build Europe's trade networks and reveal how goods moved between 1300 and 1800.
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socmedarch.bsky.social @socmedarch.bsky.social · 11/09/2026
For everyone heading to our conference next week, details of the full schedule for the day are now on our website: medievalarchaeology.co.uk/events/confe... We look forward to welcoming you to York next week!
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socmedarch.bsky.social @socmedarch.bsky.social · 11/09/2026
#OnThisDay: The Battle of Stirling Bridge took place on 11 September 1297. The armies of Andrew Moray and William Wallace defeated the English forces of Edward I near Stirling. Pictured is the present-day Stirling Bridge (Image: Davidmeisner via Wikimedia Commons CC0).
Photograph of a stone bridge with four rounded arches spanning a wide river on a bright day. The calm water reflects the arches and the underside of the bridge, creating a near‑mirror image.
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socmedarch.bsky.social @socmedarch.bsky.social · 09/09/2026
#OnThisDay: William I died on 9 September 1087 while leading a campaign in northern France. He is buried in front of the high altar in the Abbaye-aux-Hommes, Caen (pictured). (Image: Supercarwaar via Wikimedia Commons CC BY-SA 4.0).
Photograph of the chancel in the Abbaye‑aux‑Hommes, taken from a position where the high altar sits ahead and slightly to the left. A vaulted stone ceiling rises above round supporting columns, and the floor is patterned with black, red, and white marble in a lattice design. The high altar is a polished white‑marble block set on three red‑marble steps, with two red‑marble inlaid panels flanking a central gold panel. On top stands a large gilded altarpiece featuring kneeling angels at each end and cherubs lifting a crucifix in the centre. In front of the altar, set into the floor, lies a red‑marble tomb topped with an engraved white‑marble slab.
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socmedarch.bsky.social @socmedarch.bsky.social · 07/09/2026
📢 Calling all students and early career researchers! The Call for Papers for our annual Student Colloquium is now open! If you would like to present your research in a welcoming and supportive environment, we'd love to hear from you! 🔗 Full details here: medievalarchaeology.co.uk/events/2100-2/
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socmedarch.bsky.social @socmedarch.bsky.social · 06/09/2026
And finally, the church of St Mary de Crypt in Gloucestershire receives funding to restore medieval wall paintings: tinyurl.com/socmedarch127
tinyurl.com
Gloucester church gets £1m lottery grant for wall art restoration
Lottery funds mean experts can now study "internationally significant" murals in St Mary de Crypt.
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socmedarch.bsky.social @socmedarch.bsky.social · 06/09/2026
Medieval news time! We're a bit late this week so we've thrown in an extra story! First, archaeologists digging in Tonsberg uncover a rare medieval ring: tinyurl.com/socmedarch125 Then, a medieval comb goes back on display at Jedburgh Abbey: tinyurl.com/socmedarch126
tinyurl.com
Archaeologists Uncovered a Rare Medieval Ring—With Mystical Implications
The ring, made in part from deep-blue stone, was likely owned by a high-status woman during the Middle Ages.
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socmedarch.bsky.social @socmedarch.bsky.social · 31/08/2026
🚨Registration closing soon!🚨 Have you got your tickets yet? Booking for our annual conference closes on FRIDAY. Join us at the Guildhall in York on 19th September for a day of talks and discovery on the theme of Heritage Science. 🔗 tinyurl.com/SMAConf2026
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socmedarch.bsky.social @socmedarch.bsky.social · 28/08/2026
#OnThisDay: The first Battle of Mansurah ended on 28 August 1221. It was the final battle of the Fifth Crusade and saw the Crusaders heavily defeated by the Ayyubid forces of sultan Al-Kamil, forcing their departure from Egypt. Map shows Ayyubid empire (Public Domain via worldhistory.org).
Map showing the Ayyubid empire in red and Crusader‑controlled areas in green, with red territories covering Egypt, the Levant, and parts of Arabia, and smaller green enclaves along the eastern Mediterranean coast.
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socmedarch.bsky.social @socmedarch.bsky.social · 27/08/2026
Some recent medieval news for you! First, archaeologists in Waterford are excavating what could be Ireland’s largest Viking building: tinyurl.com/socmedarch123 Then, Wareham’s Saxon sword is on display in an exhibition about treasured objects: tinyurl.com/socmedarch124
tinyurl.com
In Waterford archaeologists are excavating what may be the largest Viking building found in Ireland
Archaeologists are excavating a Viking Age structure at Woodstown, Co. Waterford, which may prove to be the largest Viking building in Ireland.
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socmedarch.bsky.social @socmedarch.bsky.social · 26/08/2026
#OnThisDay: The Battle of Crécy took place on 26 August 1346. It was a major battle in the Hundred Years' War between France & England, & a victory for the English army of Edward III. Image of battle from Froissart's Chroniques. (Image: (BnF, FR 2643, fol. 165v, Public Domain via Wikimedia Commons).
Medieval manuscript painting of two large armies facing each other in battle. On the left, the French forces gather beneath a dark blue standard decorated with gold fleur‑de‑lis. Most of the soldiers are mounted on horses, while in the foreground several foot soldiers wield crossbows. On the right, the English army masses under a quartered standard showing blue and gold fleur‑de‑lis and gold lions on red. Helmeted soldiers stretch back into the distance behind a line of mounted knights. In the foreground, English archers stand ready with longbows.
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socmedarch.bsky.social @socmedarch.bsky.social · 26/08/2026
#OnThisDay: The Battle of Manzikert took place on 26 August 1071, fought between the Byzantine and Seljuk empires. It was a decisive defeat for the Byzantine army. This image shows Alp Arslan humiliating Emperor Romanus IV. (Image: BnF, Français 232, folio 323, Public Domain via Wikimedia Commons).
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