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Prof. Simon Carn @simoncarn.bsky.social · 07/09/2026

#NOAA-20 OMPS data on Sept 6 showed total SO₂ emissions from the #Krakatau eruption of ~0.3 Tg. On Sept 7, two distinct SO₂ clouds were visible - one (furthest W-SW) in the upper troposphere and the other at lower altitudes (which has been impacting operations at #Jakarta airport).

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Prof. Simon Carn @simoncarn.bsky.social · 05/09/2026

Large #eruption of #Krakatau #volcano (#Indonesia) started at ~16:30 UTC on Sept 4, and is continuing as of 13:00 UTC on Sept 5. #NOAA-20 OMPS satellite data showing injection of ~0.2 Tg SO₂ into the upper troposphere by 06:50 UTC on Sep 5.

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Prof. Simon Carn @simoncarn.bsky.social · 09/06/2026

#Sentinel2 imagery on June 9 shows almost the entire southern coast of Manus Island (Papua New Guinea) impacted by pumice rafts from the ongoing #TitanRidge eruption. The pumice is affecting fishing grounds and reefs, and obstructing a key waterway to the north of the island (the Loniu Passage).

True-color satellite image shows brown pumice rafts from an ongoing submarine volcanic eruption in the Central Bismarck Sea washing up on the shores of southern Manus Island (Papua New Guinea).

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Prof. Simon Carn @simoncarn.bsky.social · 04/06/2026

Shortwave infrared (SWIR) imagery from #Sentinel2 shows a raft of hot pumice around the #TitanRidge eruption site. Thermal anomalies have become more intense in recent days.

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Prof. Simon Carn @simoncarn.bsky.social · 04/06/2026

#Sentinel2 images on June 4 show the #TitanRidge eruption site in detail. The subaerial plume is likely being generated as blocks of inflated magma float up from a seafloor vent & explode or interact with seawater at the surface. Images also show pumice enveloping islands in the N. #BismarckSea.

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Prof. Simon Carn @simoncarn.bsky.social · 02/06/2026

The #BismarckSea / #TitanRidge eruption continues as of June 2, producing a significant subaerial plume, high surface temperatures and discolored seawater. Pumice rafts are visible drifting west of the eruption site. Satellite imagery from #Himawari9 via @cira-csu.bsky.social.

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Prof. Simon Carn @simoncarn.bsky.social · 22/05/2026

Another great #Sentinel2 capture of the region on May 22 shows that the eruption appears to have declined in vigor, but continues to generate pumice and discolored seawater. Thermal anomalies are also still present, indicating hot material at the surface in the vicinity of the eruption plumes.

Satellite image of the Central Bismarck Sea (Papua new Guinea) showing an ongoing submarine volcanic eruption. Two white plumes of condensed water vapor emerge from the ocean surface above the eruption site, with currents of discolored cyan-to-green seawater and rafts of floating brown pumice flowing away in multiple directions.

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Prof. Simon Carn @simoncarn.bsky.social · 22/05/2026

Clouds cleared over the #BismarckSea / #TitanRidge eruption on May 22, revealing the continued presence of two distinct plumes amid discolored seawater and scattered pumice rafts. Data from #Himawari9.

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Prof. Simon Carn @simoncarn.bsky.social · 20/05/2026

Spectacular aerial photo of the #BismarckSea eruption (provisionally named the Titan Ridge eruption by the Rabaul Volcano Observatory) on May 19. Recent satellite views have been cloudy, but the eruption appears to be continuing. Credit: Stanis Yohang (via Facebook) www.facebook.com/share/p/1HmL...

A billowing cloud of steam produced by a submarine volcanic eruption rises above the ocean surface and drifts away into the distance. A plume of sediment in the water is also visible drifting downstream of the eruption.

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Prof. Simon Carn @simoncarn.bsky.social · 15/05/2026

Found some photos of the #BismarckSea eruption posted on Facebook by a local fisherman. These were taken on May 13. www.facebook.com/share/p/1As8...

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Prof. Simon Carn @simoncarn.bsky.social · 15/05/2026

Great #Sentinel-2 capture on May 15 showing the ongoing activity and pumice rafts carried downstream of the eruption site.

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Prof. Simon Carn @simoncarn.bsky.social · 14/05/2026

The #BismarckSea eruption continued on May 14, with new volcanic ash advisories issued by the Darwin VAAC. A #Landsat9 overpass on May 11 captured a raft of steaming volcanic deposits on the sea surface, with some material hot enough to be detected in the 2.2 µm short-wave IR band (shown in red).

Satellite image of a submarine volcanic eruption in the Bismarck Sea (Papua New Guinea), showing steam plumes rising from a raft of hot volcanic material on the sea surface, amidst meteorological clouds.

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Prof. Simon Carn @simoncarn.bsky.social · 12/05/2026

Pumice raft (?) generation and onset of subaerial eruption plume in the Central Bismarck Sea captured by #Himawari-9 on May 8-9. @cira-csu.bsky.social

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Prof. Simon Carn @simoncarn.bsky.social · 12/05/2026

New submarine #volcanic #eruption in the Central Bismarck Sea (Papua New Guinea) at ~3ºS, 148ºE. Previous activity reported in this region in 1972. Plume breached ocean surface on May 9 at ~01:00 UTC; w/ small pumice raft. Animation shows MODIS/VIIRS imagery & thermal IR hotspots from May 9-12.

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Prof. Simon Carn @simoncarn.bsky.social · 15/01/2026

Four years since #Hunga #volcano (Tonga) unleashed one of the most explosive volcanic #eruptions ever observed, providing a new paradigm of submarine volcanism. Read all about the atmospheric impacts of the 2022 Hunga eruption in a new open-access report: juser.fz-juelich.de/record/1049154

Cover page of the Hunga Atmospheric Impacts report, showing satellite images of the eruption plume.

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Prof. Simon Carn @simoncarn.bsky.social · 06/12/2025

The final ~25 seconds of footage from the V3 webcam at #Kilauea #volcano, during Episode 38 of lava fountain activity. Courtesy of USGS. USGS feed: www.youtube.com/watch?v=Bqmp...

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Prof. Simon Carn @simoncarn.bsky.social · 26/11/2025

As of November 26, the SO₂ emitted by #HayliGubbi on Nov 23 has been sheared out into a near-continuous plume extending from East Africa to the central Pacific. SO₂ data from #NOAA-20 OMPS.

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Prof. Simon Carn @simoncarn.bsky.social · 25/11/2025

Pre- and post-eruption visible imagery of #HayliGubbi from #Sentinel-2, showing tephra deposits and 2 new craters. The latter could be eruption vents and/or formed by post-eruptive subsidence. Looks like the pre-existing crater was enlarged by the eruption. @esa.int

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Prof. Simon Carn @simoncarn.bsky.social · 24/11/2025

Thanks Tim. @planet.com imagery from Nov 24 show some subsidence in the southern half of the Erta Ale caldera after the #HayliGubbi eruption (plus widespread ash deposits).

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Prof. Simon Carn @simoncarn.bsky.social · 24/11/2025

New #TROPOMI data on Nov 24 show higher total SO₂ emissions from #HayliGubbi (~0.2 Tg SO₂). Measurements on Nov 23 were likely impacted by the dense volcanic ash plume. Most of the SO₂ is spreading rapidly east in the subtropical jet stream, over the Arabian Sea towards NW India and Pakistan.

Satellite image of sulfur dioxide (SO₂) column amounts in the atmosphere on November 24, after an eruption of Hayli Gubbi volcano in Ethiopia on November 23. SO₂ columns are depicted using a rainbow color scale ranging from white (low or zero SO₂) to red (high SO₂).

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Prof. Simon Carn @simoncarn.bsky.social · 23/11/2025

Sentinel-5P #TROPOMI measurements at ~11:00 UTC show most of the SO₂ emissions from #HayliGubbi spreading east in the upper troposphere. Plume contains ~44 kilotons of SO₂ (~0.04 Tg).

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Prof. Simon Carn @simoncarn.bsky.social · 23/11/2025

An explosive #eruption of Hayli Gubbi #volcano, located SE of Erta'Ale in the Afar Rift (Ethiopia), began at ~08:30 UTC on Nov 23. Eruption onset was fortuitously captured by a @planet.com overpass at 08:31 UTC. Hayli Gubbi has no record of Holocene eruptions. Toulouse VAAC reporting ash to ~15 km.

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Prof. Simon Carn @simoncarn.bsky.social · 19/11/2025

Some stunning footage of ongoing pyroclastic flow activity at Semeru #volcano (Java, Indonesia). Screen capture shows a lightning strike at ~16:07 UTC. www.youtube.com/watch?v=Txgr...

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Prof. Simon Carn @simoncarn.bsky.social · 18/07/2025

Satellite measurements on July 18 show continued SO₂ emissions from the erupting fissure in #Iceland and dispersion of SO₂ over #Greenland and the #Arctic Ocean.

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Prof. Simon Carn @simoncarn.bsky.social · 18/07/2025

Dispersion of #volcanic SO₂ from the latest #eruption on #Iceland's #Reykjanes peninsula (July 16), measured by the Sentinel-5P TROPOMI satellite instrument. SO₂ emissions have spread into north and west Iceland, impacting air quality (Icelandic Met Office). @esa.int

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Prof. Simon Carn @simoncarn.bsky.social · 08/07/2025

Thanks Fred. Impressive plume but low SO₂ loading (~6 kt or 0.006 Tg); an order of magnitude lower than the June 17 eruption of #Lewotobi.

Map of column amounts of sulfur dioxide (SO2) gas in the Lewotobi volcanic plume, measured by the Sentinel-5P/TROPOMI satellite instrument. The map shows SO2 spreading west of the volcano in the upper troposphere.

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Prof. Simon Carn @simoncarn.bsky.social · 29/04/2025

Satellite imagery of nighttime lights using the NOAA-20/VIIRS Day/Night Band ('visible image at night') shows areas of Spain and Portugal still affected by power outages overnight on April 28-29. Images from NASA Worldview. @thenasaearth.bsky.social @noaa.gov

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Prof. Simon Carn @simoncarn.bsky.social · 21/03/2025

The world's youngest mountain glacier - Crater Glacier at Mount St. Helens #volcano (WA, USA) - formed in 1996 in the amphitheater produced by the May 1980 eruption. The glacier flows around lava domes erupted in 1980-86 and 2004-08. Photos taken in 2023. #WorldGlacierDay 🧪🌋

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Prof. Simon Carn @simoncarn.bsky.social · 12/03/2025

When Spurr last erupted in 1992, volcanic ash & gas clouds (a potential aviation hazard) drifted south over the Pacific NW & Upper Midwest. A fully functional USGS & NOAA is needed to monitor such events & mitigate their impacts. NASA/NOAA satellite data also critical for tracking volcanic clouds.

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Prof. Simon Carn @simoncarn.bsky.social · 20/01/2025

Satellite imagery from @planet.com shows increased steaming in the summit caldera of Fentale volcano (Ethiopia) in the last week. Emissions appear confined to topographic lows - perhaps a meteorological effect (temperature inversion?). @davidmpyle.bsky.social @volckaren.bsky.social 🧪

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Prof. Simon Carn @simoncarn.bsky.social · 19/11/2024

#Volcanic SO₂ plume from #Kanlaon #volcano captured and entrained by Super Typhoon #Man-yi (#Pepito) during its passage through the #Philippines. Data from the #geostationary GK-2B GEMS instrument.

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Prof. Simon Carn @simoncarn.bsky.social · 24/08/2024

Another batch of #volcanic SO₂ en route to the #UK/#Ireland, courtesy of the latest #eruption on #Iceland's #Reykjanes peninsula. Might cause some local #AirQuality impacts in the coming days. @eddy_weather @ScottishEPA SO₂ data: @NOAA/@NASA @JPSSProgram #NOAA20-#OMPS

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Prof. Simon Carn @simoncarn.bsky.social · 05/06/2024

Longer sequence of hourly #GEMS data (daytime only) showing SO₂ emissions from the June 3 #Kanlaon #eruption. On June 5, the upper tropospheric SO₂ cloud was moving west over #SriLanka and S. #India, whilst SO₂ at lower altitudes is dispersing over the southern #Philippines.

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Prof. Simon Carn @simoncarn.bsky.social · 04/06/2024

The first #lava flows since 1974 on #Kīlauea's Southwest rift zone, imaged by @planet on June 3 at 20:09 UTC (10:09 HST), shortly before the #eruption paused. #Hawaii @USGSVolcanoes @USGS @Volcanoes_NPS

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Prof. Simon Carn @simoncarn.bsky.social · 04/06/2024

The largest #eruption on record of #Kanlaon/#Canlaon #volcano (#Philippines) on June 3 produced an upper tropospheric SO₂ cloud (~0.05 Tg SO₂), seen here from #geostationary orbit by #SouthKorea's UV #GK2B #GEMS sensor. @phivolcs_dost @News5PH @nababaha

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Prof. Simon Carn @simoncarn.bsky.social · 31/05/2024

The #volcanic SO₂ (and derived sulfate aerosol) from #Iceland seems to be impacting surface #AirQuality over the northern #UK today. L: #TROPOMI data shows SO₂ plume at 11:50 UT R: map shows data from the @ThePurpleAir...

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Prof. Simon Carn @simoncarn.bsky.social · 30/05/2024

Consecutive orbits of #TROPOMI data on May 30 show ongoing SO₂ emissions from the Sundhnúksgíga #eruption. The SO₂ plume emitted on May 29 is now drifting towards NW #Scotland & SO₂ columns in this cloud remain quite high (~200 DU). Might create some visible haze. @EIlyinskaya

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Prof. Simon Carn @simoncarn.bsky.social · 29/05/2024

First #Sentinel5P #TROPOMI overpass ~1.3 hours after the onset of today's #eruption on #Iceland's #Reykjanes peninsula shows very high SO₂ column amounts in plume spreading SE. Est. SO₂ emission rate is ~1400 kg/s (~120,000 tons/day). @Vedurstofan @CopernicusEU @rockhardIES

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Prof. Simon Carn @simoncarn.bsky.social · 17/04/2024

SO₂ emissions from the April 16 #eruption of #Ruang #volcano (#Indonesia) measured with hourly cadence by #SouthKorea's #geostationary UV GK-2B #GEMS sensor. Relatively low SO₂ amounts detected so far. @PVMBG_ @id_magma @andrewcraigtupp

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Prof. Simon Carn @simoncarn.bsky.social · 17/03/2024

The latest #eruption in #Iceland has produced the largest #volcanic SO₂ cloud measured to date in the 2023-24 #Reykjanes Fires, consistent with reports that it is the most intense episode so far. Data: @CopernicusEU #Sentinel5P #TROPOMI. @Vedurstofan @rockhardIES @Alberto_Carac

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Prof. Simon Carn @simoncarn.bsky.social · 21/02/2024

The next (13ᵗʰ) #CitiesOnVolcanoes meeting will convene in @CityofBend, #Oregon in July 2026. Here's a glimpse of some of the spectacular #volcanism in the region. #ThreeSisters Wilderness #Newberry National #Volcanic Monument @CraterLakeNPS

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Prof. Simon Carn @simoncarn.bsky.social · 20/02/2024

A few views of perennially active #Fuego #volcano captured during @COVolcanoes12 last week.

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Prof. Simon Carn @simoncarn.bsky.social · 19/02/2024

.⁦@mtugeomining⁩’s Rudiger Escobar-Wolf discussing #volcanic risk reduction in #Guatemala at the closing ceremony of the ⁦@COVolcanoes12⁩ meeting in #Antigua. Many thanks to the organizers for a fantastic conference. ⁦@michigantech⁩ ⁦@mturesearch⁩ #CoV12

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Prof. Simon Carn @simoncarn.bsky.social · 09/02/2024

#Volcanic SO₂ from the February 8 #Reykjanes #eruption (#Iceland) is seen here moving around a Low pressure system located SW of #Ireland on Feb 9. The data shown here are a new @NASAEarth SO₂ dataset from the #NOAA20🛰️ #OMPS instrument. @JPSSProgram @NOAASatellites

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Prof. Simon Carn @simoncarn.bsky.social · 08/02/2024

As sunlight gradually returns to high northern latitudes, so does UV satellite monitoring of #volcanic SO₂ emissions from #Iceland. #Sentinel5P #TROPOMI detected SO₂ from today's #eruption on the #Reykjanes peninsula drifting over the N. Atlantic.

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Prof. Simon Carn @simoncarn.bsky.social · 08/02/2024

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Prof. Simon Carn @simoncarn.bsky.social · 03/02/2024

Graphics artist Charley Harper's striking poster for @Volcanoes_NPS, depicting #lava flowing around a kīpuka in his distinctive 'minimal realism' style. #Hawaii #volcano www.charleyharperartstudio.com/artw…

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Prof. Simon Carn @simoncarn.bsky.social · 18/12/2023

An #eruption has started on #Iceland's #Reykjanes peninsula (north of #Grindavik) with some impressive lava fountains. Follow @Vedurstofan for official updates. Webcams: www.youtube.com/watch?v=VIs83vmfZCk www.youtube.com/watch?v=804nPrAUAxg

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