How the executive blunts congressional leverage.

Why the One Big Beautiful Bill violates a forgotten constitutional check on funding standing armies and how Congress can enforce it now.

Why the One Big Beautiful Bill violates a forgotten constitutional check on funding standing armies and how Congress can enforce it now.

If there's one point on which everyone agrees in appropriations law, it's that "slush funds" are bad. In the appropriations context, people tend to us

Unless Congress reasserts control over federal spending, the balance the framers designed could collapse into a self-financing presidency.

Unless Congress reasserts control over federal spending, the balance the framers designed could collapse into a self-financing presidency.

Unless Congress reasserts control over federal spending, the balance the framers designed could collapse into a self-financing presidency.

The deal circumvents the Appropriations Clause and congressional safeguards, creating a system answerable only to the White House.

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The deal circumvents the Appropriations Clause and congressional safeguards, creating a system answerable only to the White House.

The Trump administration has operated outside the appropriations process and congressional oversight through its law firm settlements.

NotesNotes This document is one in a series of primers explaining various elements of CBO’s work to support the budget process and to help the Congress make budget and economic policy. This and other ...