(A) Stand height was calculated as the difference between top (95%, blue line) and bottom (1%, red line) percentiles from the point cloud distribution. (B) An example of the 3D point cloud showing surrounding soil pixels. (C) A slice inside of a plot in the point cloud showing the distribution of plant heights across the canopy.

Schematic summary of miRNA and tRNA fragment dynamics during the infection stages of C. higginsianum in A. thaliana. The stages shown are in planta appressorium (PA), biotrophic phase (BP), necrotrophic phase (NP), in vitro appressorium (VA), and mycelia (MY). Differential accumulation of the sRNAs is color coded: green for A. thaliana, brown for C. higginsianum, and black for miRNAs and tRNA fragments that are similarly differential accumulation in both host and pathogen. Upregulation is indicated by upward arrows, and downregulation by downward arrows.

Functional characterization of recombinant cannabinoid oxidocyclases. Purified proteins, secreted from sf9 cells infected with recombinant baculovirus, were functionally characterized. All assays were supplemented with CBGA precursor. Activity presented as percent of total CBGA converted was normalized against canonical CBCAS activity at 100% functionality. With CBCA as the dominant product of these enzymes, comparative analysis of activity for Clade C.4, Clade C.5, and Clade C.6 was carried out against CBCAS. In assays with purified protein from sf9 expression lower activity of CBCA production was observed in Clade C recombinant enzymes. Clade C.4 comparative activity was 26% of CBCAS, while Clade C.5 and Clade C.6 were 16% and 11%, respectively, of CBCAS.

Herbicide target site resistance in polyploid species is more complex than in diploids due to potential subgenome interactions. This study characterized mutations in the ALS gene across distinct…

A dual-fluorescence based assay for the evaluation of transcript leaders. Wild-type and mutated 5′ leaders are cloned into the acceptor backbone in one step via BpiI, followed by agroinfiltration in N. benthamiana, leaf disc excision, and two-channel fluorescence quantification in a 96-well plate reader 3-day postinfiltration. RFU, relative fluorescent units.

Fluorescence recovery after photobleaching (FRAP) assay was used to determine the effect of FIM2 on the dynamic turnover level of the microfilament cytoskeleton in guard cells. (A) Time-lapse series of FRAP, Bar = 5 μm.

AtMYB93 promoter activity visualized in wild type plants expressing pAtMYB93::GUS (Gibbs et al. 2014) under normal sulfur levels (+S) and S deprivation (−S) in 7-day old roots. Two examples of each treatment are shown. Cells expressing pAtMYB93::GUS are highlighted with arrows. Developing lateral root primordia are highlighted with arrowheads. Scale bars represent 50 μm.

Schematic diagram of the long-day regulatory network controlling heading. Arrows indicate activation, T-bars indicate repression, and dotted lines denote antagonistic interactions. Increased expression in NR160E is indicated by bold arrows and labels.

Overview of the Arg/N-degron pathway and its enzymatic components. PLANT CYSTEINE OXIDASE (PCO) are oxygen-dependent enzymes that oxidize the N-terminal Cys (C) residue of proteins (Weits et al. 2014; White et al. 2017). Their substrates can then be arginylated by ATE enzymes, which also conjugate Arg (R) to substrates with N-terminal Asp (D) and Glu (E) (Graciet et al. 2009, 2010). Arginylation is followed by recognition and ubiquitylation mediated by the E3 ubiquitin ligase PROTEOLYSIS 6 (PRT6) and degradation by the proteasome (Garzon et al. 2007). PRT6 also recognizes proteins that start with other positively charged residues such as lysine (not depicted) (Garzon et al. 2007).

(a) Diagram depicting the setup of our drought experiment. Photos of Douglas-fir seedlings were taken under well-watered conditions (before the start of the experiment) and under drought-conditions (6 weeks into the experiment). Needles show clear signs of drought stress at the end of the experiment. RNA and carbon isotope samples were taken at each time point. Water was gradually reduced during the course of the experiment, which is depicted by the water drops illustration. Seedlings received half of their usual water for 3 weeks following the initiation of the experiment followed by 3 weeks of receiving no water. (b) Diagram depicting the interactions between genotype, phenotype, environment, and transcriptome with the respective data and analyses paired with each term.

NaOH staining of barley grains. PA-defective seeds were yellow upon treatment.

Developmental gradient in the 5th leaf of four Otachyriinae subtribe species. (A) S1 (leaf base) and S7 (leaf tip) cross section cuts from C4 A. lanata, C2 S. hians, PK R. pilosa, and C3 H. amplexicaulis. (B) Magnification showing 1° vascular bundles from S7. Abbreviations: 1°VB, primary vascular bundle; 2°VB, secondary vascular bundle; IBS, inner bundle sheath cell; M, mesophyll cell; OBS, outer bundle sheath ce

Metabolite profiles of F. violacea samples. (A) Relative abundance of natural product biosynthetic pathways. The intensities of metabolites within each biosynthetic pathway were grouped and summed. Metabolites classified into more than one biosynthetic pathway were grouped under their primary pathway classification and labeled as hybrids. (B) Relative abundance of terpenoid superclasses. (C) Relative abundance of amino acid and peptide superclasses. (D) Relative abundance of alkaloid superclasses. For each superclass, the intensities of metabolites within the respective superclass were grouped and summed. Metabolites classified into more than one superclass were grouped under their primary superclass classification and labeled as hybrids. NP, natural product.