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Michael Costolo

@michaelcostolo.bsky.social
138 followers 53 following 91 posts

Creative writing experiments at: michaelcostolo.substack.com

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Michael Costolo @michaelcostolo.bsky.social · 18/05/2026
Surfboards in Coronado, CA.
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Reposted by Michael Costolo
Complexity Digest @cxdig.bsky.social · 11/03/2026
State-Expanding Systems: A Constraint-Limited Theory of Novelty Growth
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State-Expanding Systems: A Constraint-Limited Theory of Novelty Growth
Costolo, Michael This paper introduces a constraint-limited model of combinatorial growth that examines how feasibility scales with increasing system dimensionality. The framework analyzes the balance between expanding possibility spaces and constraint structures that prune feasible configurations. The model shows that when feasible configurations grow as c^n within a combinatorial space of size 2^n, the feasible fraction collapses for constant c < 2. Sustained novelty generation therefore requires c(n) to approach the combinatorial base, producing a narrow “complexity corridor” between regimes of trivial repetition and combinatorial sparsity. The paper derives the analytic structure of this corridor and explores it through numerical simulations and visualizations. The results suggest a possible structural explanation for why complex systems may emerge only within a narrow range where combinatorial expansion and constraint relaxation operate at comparable scales.  The manuscript includes the full mathematical derivation, simulation results, and discussion of implications for complex systems. Read the full article at: zenodo.org
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Michael Costolo @michaelcostolo.bsky.social · 04/11/2025
How short is the depth of field of Canon's 50mm f/1.2L wide open at its closest focus? Pretty short! #photography #Canon
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Michael Costolo @michaelcostolo.bsky.social · 08/10/2025
That's gorgeous!
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Michael Costolo @michaelcostolo.bsky.social · 08/10/2025
Continuing with the "testing new glass with the pups" theme, this is the Canon 135mm f/2L that I got recently. Shot at f/4. Still surprised by the short DOF at this f/#. Now, to get the 50mm f/1.2L or not? That is the question. I have the f/1.4 (non-L). #photography #Canon
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Michael Costolo @michaelcostolo.bsky.social · 08/10/2025
So I splurged on a Canon 85mm f/1.4L. Test shot of the pups at f/2.8. There's really nothing to complain about. #photography #Canon
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Michael Costolo @michaelcostolo.bsky.social · 02/09/2025
Writing is one of my other hobbies. You might be amused. And you might think of something familiar in a different way. Perhaps even both. michaelcostolo.substack.com
michaelcostolo.substack.com
Perceptual Contrast | Michael Costolo | Substack
I write at the intersection of science, language, investing, and daily life—connecting physics to markets, grammar to human nature, and personal stories to bigger ideas. Click to read Perceptual Contr...
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Michael Costolo @michaelcostolo.bsky.social · 02/09/2025
First attempt at creating colored shadows using color theory (not photoshop). Boring image, but wild technique. #photography #colortheory
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Michael Costolo @michaelcostolo.bsky.social · 10/04/2025
This is beautiful.
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Michael Costolo @michaelcostolo.bsky.social · 04/04/2025
Cyanotypes are another "alt process" for printing that is interesting. I really only tried making contact prints using paper that was already treated. Having large format negatives was helpful because the prints were a reasonable size. #photography #landscapephotography #largeformat
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Michael Costolo @michaelcostolo.bsky.social · 03/04/2025
I really wanted to experiment with some alt processes but didn't have any way for a UV exposure source. So I played with Liquid Light and hand coated some emulsion on art paper. I really liked this look but it was a lot of work. #photography #landscapephotography #largeformat
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Michael Costolo @michaelcostolo.bsky.social · 01/04/2025
Yet another image of the falls in Tucker's Brook Town Forest in Milford, NH. Always experimenting to see a fresh perspective. Fujichrome Velvia 50 4x5. #photography #landscapephotography #largeformat
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Michael Costolo @michaelcostolo.bsky.social · 31/03/2025
Those gridwork images are wild in 3D.
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Michael Costolo @michaelcostolo.bsky.social · 31/03/2025
That is really interesting. I wonder if you have, or can point to, any examples.
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Michael Costolo @michaelcostolo.bsky.social · 31/03/2025
The morning fog really reduces the contrast. It took me a while to learn how to see light from the perspective of how it makes or breaks an image. Ilford Delta 100 4x5. #photography #landscapephotography #largeformat
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Michael Costolo @michaelcostolo.bsky.social · 29/03/2025
Thank you so much!
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Michael Costolo @michaelcostolo.bsky.social · 28/03/2025
Autumn colors just starting to break. Fujichrome Velvia 50 in 4x5. #photography #landscapephotography #largeformat
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Michael Costolo @michaelcostolo.bsky.social · 27/03/2025
Thanks!
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Michael Costolo @michaelcostolo.bsky.social · 27/03/2025
The trick is to shift each (front and back) standard off center by half the human pupil-to-pupil distance. I think the effect is exaggerated the farther apart you go, but I really didn't try. Let me know if you try this!
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Michael Costolo @michaelcostolo.bsky.social · 27/03/2025
Yes sir. Had to shift both front and back standards off center so it took a couple of seconds. You can see the differences in the 3D image. Not bad for a first try I thought.
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Michael Costolo @michaelcostolo.bsky.social · 27/03/2025
I always thought a stereo camera would be neat but I never bought one. So I faked it with my 4x5 using camera movements. Cross your eyes till the two images overlap to see the stereo/3D image. Ilford Delta 100 4x5. #photography #landscapephotography #largeformat
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Michael Costolo @michaelcostolo.bsky.social · 26/03/2025
Color (E6) version of the trail bridge in the Tucker Brook Town Forest in Milford, NH that I posted previously. Fujichrome Velvia 4x5. I never felt like scans ever did the large chromes justice. You really had to appreciate them on a light table. #photography #landscapephotography #largeformat
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Michael Costolo @michaelcostolo.bsky.social · 25/03/2025
The layers are amazing. Wonderful image!
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Michael Costolo @michaelcostolo.bsky.social · 25/03/2025
!!! If you have more like that, then I hope you have someone to carry your gear bag.
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Michael Costolo @michaelcostolo.bsky.social · 24/03/2025
Another long exposure of Lower Purgatory Falls. Ilford Delta 100 4x5. #photography #landscapephotography #largeformat
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Michael Costolo @michaelcostolo.bsky.social · 23/03/2025
Thanks! New England was scenic and always changing. But I'm glad to be back in SoCal!
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Michael Costolo @michaelcostolo.bsky.social · 23/03/2025
I bet that weighs a ton!
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Michael Costolo @michaelcostolo.bsky.social · 21/03/2025
Long exposure with lots of water flowing over lower Purgatory Falls in Milford, NH. Fujichrome Velvia 50 in 4x5. #photography #landscapephotography #largeformat
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Michael Costolo @michaelcostolo.bsky.social · 20/03/2025
Scan of a wet print from the negative. I often took both color and B&W shots of scenes I thought would work well in both. I posted the color one earlier this week. It is interesting to compare the differences. Ilford Delta 100 4x5. #photography #landscapephotography #largeformat
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Michael Costolo @michaelcostolo.bsky.social · 19/03/2025
Senter Falls in Lyndeborough, NH after a good rain in the summer. Fujichrome Velvia 4x5. A good long exposure makes magic of the water. #photography #landscapephotography #largeformat.
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Michael Costolo @michaelcostolo.bsky.social · 18/03/2025
Tucker's Brook falls in Autumn. It is fun to challenge yourself to find a new view or aspect of a familiar place to make a new image. Ilford Delta 100 in 4x5. #photography #landscapephotography #largeformat
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Michael Costolo @michaelcostolo.bsky.social · 17/03/2025
Spring swirls in Tucker Brook in Milford, NH. Fujichrome Astia 4x5. Although I would go for Velvia more in the future for this sort of thing, the softer contrast and lower saturation of Astia does not disappoint. #photography #landscapephotography #largeformat
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Michael Costolo @michaelcostolo.bsky.social · 17/03/2025
I feel like the Judicial branch needs their own police force to enforce their rulings. You just can't rely on the Executive branch to obey the law anymore.
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Michael Costolo @michaelcostolo.bsky.social · 17/03/2025
DON'T GIVE THEM IDEAS!
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Michael Costolo @michaelcostolo.bsky.social · 14/03/2025
Superb. Great work!
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Michael Costolo @michaelcostolo.bsky.social · 14/03/2025
Thank you!
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Michael Costolo @michaelcostolo.bsky.social · 14/03/2025
B&W version of the Senter Falls image I posted yesterday. I used a yellow filter to make the early foliage pop. Ilford Delta 100 4x5. I would look through my filters to figure out which compositional elements I could emphasize with them. #photography #landscapephotography #largeformat
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Michael Costolo @michaelcostolo.bsky.social · 13/03/2025
Senter Falls in the Alan and Edgar Rice Nature Preserve, Lyndeborough, NH. The fallen leaves add a nice touch. The very beginning of autumn color is in the trees. Fujichrome Astia, 4x5. #photography #landscapephotography #largeformat
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Michael Costolo @michaelcostolo.bsky.social · 12/03/2025
Footbridge on a town forest trail in southern New Hampshire. I like the metaphor of the bridge as an element in an otherwise nature scene. Ilford Delta 100, 4x5. #photography #landscapephotography #largeformat
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Michael Costolo @michaelcostolo.bsky.social · 12/03/2025
I love San Diego. What a great city!
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Michael Costolo @michaelcostolo.bsky.social · 12/03/2025
The symmetries in the reflections are captivating. Really beautiful image.
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Michael Costolo @michaelcostolo.bsky.social · 12/03/2025
The light and the textures are just perfect. This is gorgeous.
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Michael Costolo @michaelcostolo.bsky.social · 12/03/2025
This is beautiful. Very nicely done!
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Michael Costolo @michaelcostolo.bsky.social · 12/03/2025
Excellent image. Superb work here.
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Michael Costolo @michaelcostolo.bsky.social · 12/03/2025
Excellent! I always wanted to try making these!
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Michael Costolo @michaelcostolo.bsky.social · 12/03/2025
I would love to shoot large format again. It was a fabulous experience that is hard to replicate in smaller formats. Everything had to be so deliberate.
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Michael Costolo @michaelcostolo.bsky.social · 12/03/2025
Beautiful. Do you scan negs or make contact prints?
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Michael Costolo @michaelcostolo.bsky.social · 12/03/2025
Thank you!
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Michael Costolo @michaelcostolo.bsky.social · 12/03/2025
Thank you!
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Michael Costolo @michaelcostolo.bsky.social · 11/03/2025
Sabbaday Falls off the Kancamagus Highway in northern New Hampshire. Fujichrome Astia in 4x5. This scene spans the entire dynamic range of this emulsion. It's the shot that everyone who visits takes. #photography #landscapephotography #largeformat
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