Scientists have identified the brain circuits tied to placebo pain relief. Researchers have known that placebo effects can be a powerful treatment, yet the underlying neurological mechanisms have not ...

Photoactivatable neurotransmitters provide spatiotemporally precise experimenter control over endogenous receptor activation in living tissue. The resulting optical stimulus-neuronal response relationship provides a sensitive assay that can drive quantitative studies into receptor signaling. Here, we report a photocaged derivative of the prominent catecholamine neurotransmitter noradrenaline (NA). Appending a carboxynitroveratryl (CNV) caging group to the 4-hydroxyl of the catechol group produced CNV-NA, which displays good aqueous solubility and chemical stability. We verified CNV-NA’s lack of activity at α1B- and β2-adrenoreceptors expressed in HEK cells using a live-cell cAMP assay. We validated CNV-NA photoactivation at native α2-adrenoreceptors in brain slices of rat locus coeruleus using whole cell electrophysiological recordings. Monitoring the stereotyped outward current response to repeated CNV-NA photoactivation revealed that the neuropeptide substance P suppresses α2-adrenoreceptor signaling in locus coeruleus neurons. This work adds a new reagent to the growing library of photocaged neuroactive ligands, thereby expanding the scope and applications of photopharmacology.

In placebo analgesia, prior experience and expectations lead to pain suppression by the administration of an inert substance, but causal evidence for its neural basis is lacking. To identify the under...