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Mark Witton

@markwitton.bsky.social
14K followers 410 following 1.1K posts

Palaeoartist, palaeontologist, author, documentary consultant and creature designer. Affiliated with the University of Portsmouth, UK; views and opinions are my own. More about me at markwitton.co.uk. Support my work at www.patreon.com/markwitton

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Mark Witton @markwitton.bsky.social · 02/10/2026
As you've indicated, it's really locomotion + the need to come onto land that's the issue here, and theropods seem steadfast in never going quadrupedal. That's going to be an issue if they want to start wriggling out of the sea at any sort of large size.
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Mark Witton @markwitton.bsky.social · 02/10/2026
They're gigantic. The Mesozoic was filled with horsetails that could hide good-sized dinosaurs.
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Mark Witton @markwitton.bsky.social · 02/10/2026
Either way, I guess the maximum size of a Thalassoraptor-like animal is something we can have fun with, and the exact figure won't alter the main point (that their maximum size would be way below that of other marine tetrapods).
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Mark Witton @markwitton.bsky.social · 02/10/2026
Likewise, with turtles being soft-shellers, can we rule out that giant species developed live birth? I don't know what the consensus on this is, but rhere might be aspects of their limb anatomy that tell whether Archelon et al. were still crawling onto land.
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Mark Witton @markwitton.bsky.social · 02/10/2026
I could be wrong on this, but pseudosuchians were ancestrally laying soft shelled eggs, so they could evolve viviparity until hard shells became the norm. To my knowledge, we don't yet know when that happened. Could be after the thalattosuchian split?
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Mark Witton @markwitton.bsky.social · 02/10/2026
The question on maximum size is an interesting one. I went with modern size limits of land-based marine tetrapod reproduction (pinnipeds) for Thalassoraptor because I'm unsure if we can rule out that big marine crocs and turtles were viviparous.
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Mark Witton @markwitton.bsky.social · 02/10/2026
I haven't posted anything for a while, so here's some new #paleoart for #FossilFriday: Cetiosaurus in a Middle Jurassic landscape. I've had to compose and execute this in just two days, so hopefully it looks OK! (All data for the plant recons comes from @palaeojules.bsky.social.) #dinosaur #sciart
A long-necked dinosaur walks along a shallow river surrounded by various Jurassic trees, ferns and shrubs. A small predatory dinosaur watches from the nearest riverbank.
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Mark Witton @markwitton.bsky.social · 02/10/2026
Absolutely no problems with melanin-rich dinosaurs. Strongly melanised dorsums are known from a couple of dinosaurs now, and there's no reason to think some species/individuals couldn't push that even further.
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Mark Witton @markwitton.bsky.social · 27/09/2026
Wife @gizz47.bsky.social is currently running a 10km race to raise money for Bhutanese tigers. There's still time to donate some money towards the cause if you have some spare change. Would be great to see her make the £200 target! www.justgiving.com/page/georgia...
justgiving.com
Marwell 10K 2026: Race to Protect Wildlife
Help Georgia Witton-Maclean raise money to support Marwell Wildlife
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Mark Witton @markwitton.bsky.social · 21/09/2026
Please finish this, it already looks great! But don't use Dimorphodon as the insect chaser, it likely didn't have the flight agility to hawk insects. Campylognathoides would be a better bet.
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Mark Witton @markwitton.bsky.social · 18/09/2026
New #paleoart for #FossilFriday: Baryonyx walkeri portrait factoring new epidermal correlate data gathered for an ongoing project. "Yes" to lips, "no" to a cornified sheath on the nasal crest, "yes" to a boss and scale above the eyes. More details at my Patreon: www.patreon.com/markwitton
Portrait of a long-snouted predatory dinosaur in the dimming evening light. Reddish skin gives way to a paler underside on the neck and face, while conifer trees - skeletonised and in full leaf - are silhouetted against a purply-yellow-blue skyscape.
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Mark Witton @markwitton.bsky.social · 11/09/2026
Hey, look: the cover of my next book has been revealed. Looks like it'll be out next March. Details: press.princeton.edu/books/hardco...
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Mark Witton @markwitton.bsky.social · 11/09/2026
Thanks, it's strange to me that I remember drawing them after all this time. Those perpendicular creases are where the paper was folded to fit into my school blazer pocket, as I was drawing them at school between lessons.
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Mark Witton @markwitton.bsky.social · 11/09/2026
And just for fun, because I seem to have them saved in the same directory, here are Deinonychus predation scenes that I drew when I was 13-14 years old. They are preying on iguanodonts because Cretaceous sauropods weren't on the radar when I was small.
An old pencil sketch showing featherless raptorial dinosaurs attacking an iguanodont. There are deep gashes and gore across the herbivore, because teenagers gotta teenage. Another old sketch showing a group of featherless raptorial dinosaurs running around and clambering over a bellowing iguanodont. The latter has broad scute-like scales over its belly because I'd been looking at Ricardo Delgado's dinosaur imagery again. That probably also explains the nasty wound across the iguanodont neck (Age of Reptiles fans might know what I'm talking about).
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Mark Witton @markwitton.bsky.social · 11/09/2026
For #FossilFriday, here's some 2019 #paleoart of Deinonychus subduing a juvenile Sauroposeidon using the Raptor Prey Restraint (RPR) model of dromaeosaur predation: grabbing prey with taloned feet, pinning it down with its body weight, and then eating it alive. Just like modern raptors, then.
A yellowish feathered predatory dinosaur has leapt onto the back of a small long-necked dinosaur, forcing it roughly to the ground. It has grasped the back of the herbivore with taloned feet, and holds its wings out for stability. Dust swirls around them as they wrestle.
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Mark Witton @markwitton.bsky.social · 07/09/2026
This #paleoart of #Pteranodon standing on a wave-crashed rock seems to be a favourite for some, judging by steady print sales over the last 10 years. I recall it coming together quickly, probably because I did it for my own enjoyment and fully engaged with my impulses towards romantic art.
A moody male Pteranodon longiceps, sporting an overbite and a giant, slender headcrest, stands on a dark, narrow rock amid a swirling, crashing sea. The next wave's height will reveal whether this guy is the biggest badass to ever bear membranous wings or a grade-A moron for standing on a tiny rock in such a violent sea.
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Mark Witton @markwitton.bsky.social · 04/09/2026
Over at #Patreon, I've been discussing my latest #specevo #dinosaur piece for my upcoming book. Meet Thalassoraptor maximus: non-bird dinosaurs have finally made it into the oceans! About time, guys, sheesh. Lots more detail at www.patreon.com/markwitton/p....
Two large blue-black animals, looking like a cross between a bird and a sea-lion, perched on rocks lapped by gentle waves. White birds with blue bills sit and stretch nearby, wondering what the crazy motherhubbards next to them are all about.
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Mark Witton @markwitton.bsky.social · 25/08/2026
You've been keeping these time safaris very quiet. To think of all those weekends when we've gone for walks in the cheap showiness of the modern day.
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Mark Witton @markwitton.bsky.social · 25/08/2026
Indeed. I was excited to see this book coming out, and it's not without use, but it's not the resource I was hoping it would be. Of course, it's not fair to judge books against our own expectations but, even as its own entity, there are problems. (No sense of size/scale in a field guide? Really?)
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Mark Witton @markwitton.bsky.social · 25/08/2026
It's free to read but, if you're short on time: the book is not without commendable features and might, with heavy caveats, be recommended. But it has such significant shortcomings that this says more about the lack of palaeobotany books attempting similar goals than the success of this volume.
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Mark Witton @markwitton.bsky.social · 25/08/2026
My review of The Princeton Field Guide to Mesozoic Plants is now up at Palaeontologica Electronica. Approaching it wanting to know more about Mesozoic plants for my #paleoart, the reconstruction-heavy format is welcome, but many aspects could be improved. palaeo-electronica.org/content/?vie...
palaeo-electronica.org
Review: The Princeton Field Guide to Mesozoic Plants
paleontology, palaeontology, dinosaurs, Palaeontologia Electronica, Palaeontologica Electronica, Paleontologia Electronica, Paleontologica Electronica
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Mark Witton @markwitton.bsky.social · 21/08/2026
(Oh, and that next book is this: press.princeton.edu/books/hardco...)
press.princeton.edu
The Colors of Dinosaurs and the Prehistoric World
A marvelously illustrated look at the fossil evidence of color in extinct life, from dinosaurs and mammoths to ancient insects and plants—revealing the amazing technologies and fossils that allow us t...
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Mark Witton @markwitton.bsky.social · 21/08/2026
@davehone.bsky.social asked me a question about my comments on Pteranodon from my 2013 book "Pterosaurs", which brought me face to face with my #paleoart from that era. Here's my Pteranodon sensu 2011, vs. Pteranodon 2025, for my next book. The difference? Lots of practise. #FossilFriday
Three crested pterosaurs swim underwater while a school of fish swirls into a baitball. All three have fish in their jaws. Dark shapes loom below, suggesting the approach of mosasaurs.

Painted in 2011, this image was executed in about a day, which was normal for the pictures in "Pterosaurs". I look back on pictures like this and am very grateful for all the nice words and encouragement said about them, as they're pretty rough around the edges!A crested pterosaur, too big to fit in frame, soars over a windy, wavy sea surface. Small seabirds scatter in fear, but they do not dread being attacked or eaten. No, they fear their own inferiority; the existential emptiness that this mighty membraned flier inspires. For they are birds, mere avians, subservient in the natural hierarchy of flying beings. And the awesomeness that shadows them is the great Pteranodon. They dare not speak his name, for they are unworthy. 

(Painted in 2025. Pretentious alt-text written in 2026)
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Darren Naish @tetzoo.bsky.social · 17/08/2026
Ok, time for a thread about what I saw yesterday at #CrystalPalace. As you can see, just about everything has been repaired and re-painted, and in places (like the previously misidentified Xiphodon) re-positioned. It looks fantastic and you have to check it out, even if you've visited before...
View of some of Crystal Palace models from top of the hill.3D print of pterosaur head being held in front of actual models way back in the distance, Iguanodon at left.Darren and Megalosaurus.Local mural on side of building celebrating Crystal Palace prehistoric animals. Art by Nacho Welles.
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Mark Witton @markwitton.bsky.social · 14/08/2026
There are indeed reproductive structures. Big shout out to @palaeojules.bsky.social for advice on restoring the plants in this scene.
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Mark Witton @markwitton.bsky.social · 14/08/2026
Don't forget that abstract submission for SVPCA 2026 closes on Sunday 16th of August (i.e. in two days time!). Details about the conference, abstract submission etc. are here: www.geocollections.org/events/199-s...
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Mark Witton @markwitton.bsky.social · 14/08/2026
Another very busy week and manic #FossilFriday, so here's a drive-by new #paleoart post of Middle Jurassic British organisms: the (very poorly known) possible dryosaurid Callovosaurus, two bennettitaleans (Williamsonia and Williamsoniella), plus bonus Cladophlebis ferns. #sciart #fossils #dinosaurs
A fuzzy-bodied, scaly-tailed beaked dinosaur runs for cover amid shrubby plants. The tallest, Williamsonia hildae (centre-left), is shown in several life stages (see leaves emerging from the ground, as a single branching pair, and then again as a small tree/tall bush). The other, shrubbier species on the right is Williamsoniella coronata.
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Mark Witton @markwitton.bsky.social · 14/08/2026
These are always really interesting and fun to attend, I hope to see some of you there! Please spread the word to those who might be interested.
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Mark Witton @markwitton.bsky.social · 10/08/2026
It's #WorldLionDay, so here's some #paleoart of cave lions, Panthera spelaea, from my upcoming book, "The Colors of Dinosaurs and the Prehistoric World". P. spelaea is among the Ice Age megafauna we have colour data for, although it's not easy to interpret. press.princeton.edu/books/hardco...
Two cave lions, one male (with an effort at a mane, but not a big one, as cave art suggests) and one female (maneless) chase a juvenile buffalo. The sky has dark, rain-filled clouds, and the grass is lush and green. Like it was in the before times.
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Richard Butler @richardjbutler.bsky.social · 09/08/2026
For me key points are: - We should better fund our museums to allow them to acquire & display such collections - We should consider are we happy to allow collections of this significance to leave the country (we wouldn’t if it was a Turner).
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James @tlbjames.bsky.social · 09/08/2026
Locked in Time is an excellent book. Gonna have to look for the others on this list. King Tyrant by @markwitton.bsky.social is also an excellent dive into T. rex history and science.
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Mark Witton @markwitton.bsky.social · 07/08/2026
As with most of my paintings, you can buy prints of this piece at my website: www.markwitton.co.uk/product-page....
markwitton.co.uk
Musango matusadonaensis (2026) | MarkWittonPalaeoart
Uncropped print on 312gsm smooth fine art paper.
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Mark Witton @markwitton.bsky.social · 07/08/2026
For #FossilFriday, a fashionably late post of my Musango matusadonaensis #paleoart, the first depiction of this newly-named Zimbabwean sauropodomorph. Commissioned by @profpaulbarrett.bsky.social of @nhm-london.bsky.social, Musango is known from just enough of a skeleton to attempt a reconstruction.
A mid-sized, longish-necked dinosaur crosses a drying riverbed in Triassic Zimbabwe. It rears slightly to look around, seeing sparse trees surrounded by drying mud and desiccated, collapsing riverbanks. Dead vegetation suggests a stressed habitat. (This is based on geological data, by the way, and is not a description of the European summer of 2026.)
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Mark Witton @markwitton.bsky.social · 05/08/2026
Just added prints of my new coloured Styracosaurus artwork to my web store! If your life needs more elaborate neck frills, grab one from here: www.markwitton.co.uk/product-page.... (And if that's not to your fancy, there's over 140 other #paleoart pieces to choose from.)
markwitton.co.uk
Styracosaurus albertensis in (full) colour (2026) | MarkWittonPalaeoart
Uncropped print on 312gsm smooth fine art paper.
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Mark Witton @markwitton.bsky.social · 05/08/2026
I didn't know about that session, no (so many meetings to keep up with nowadays!). Sounds interesting. There are plans afoot to get some independent palaeoart meetings running somewhere in the UK soon, and I'd hope plants would be part of them too.
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Mark Witton @markwitton.bsky.social · 05/08/2026
Still, I see your point about the remit. Indeed, the book itself emphasises that Mesozoic/Mesophytic are not really the same thing. A hefty book that covers the appearance of major plant groups through time would be awesome.
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Mark Witton @markwitton.bsky.social · 05/08/2026
Good points, all, and many echo my own sentiments. I suspect the Mesozoic focus is to fold the book into other PUP "Field Guides" on Mesozoic life. As an artist, I can't complain about a Mesozoic-only guide because so much palaeoart is Mesozoic-centric, and I welcome the detail.
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Mark Witton @markwitton.bsky.social · 05/08/2026
Hopefully Palaeontologica Electronica. But it's not a review anyone asked for: I had a response to what I felt was a notable book (I hope it's not a stupid one!), saw not much was being said about it, so thought I'd write something. Not something I've done before!
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Mark Witton @markwitton.bsky.social · 05/08/2026
As in, sometimes using reconstructions from a century or more ago. Plant recons have moved on too and replicating them from, say, 1898, is inexcusable. A dinosaur book doing this would be laughed off the bookstore shelves.
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Mark Witton @markwitton.bsky.social · 05/08/2026
Just submitted a review of the Princeton Field Guide to Mesozoic Plants. Short version: a book heavy on plant reconstructions is a great idea (and potential #paleoart reference), but it's let down by formatting issues and problematic plant recons. Thanks to @palaeojules.bsky.social for discussion.
The cover of the Princeton Field Guide to Mesozoic Plants, with plant reconstructions pushing in from the margins.
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Mark Witton @markwitton.bsky.social · 02/08/2026
I've recently posted new #paleoart and essays at #Patreon: a coloured version of my b+w Styracosaurus (shown here), a #specevo #pterosaur, and observations on whether the jaw fossils of Baryonyx suggest spinosaurids had lips. Check this out at www.patreon.com/markwitton.
Styracosaurus albertensis walking towards us, glancing around. On the left, a wee bird flies up to a small nest, where its mate is waiting. Hey, I found a nest similar to that on this morning's dog walk. It had fallen from a pruned tree and couldn't be repositioned, so I carried it home (which meant walking around town for 40 minutes carrying it) and placed it in a tree of the same species in our garden. Hopefully some small birds will find it and re-use it next year. We already have various tits and corvids nesting in trees outside, and I'm pretty sure sparrows nest in a neighbour's hedge. What were we talking about? Oh yeah: art and stuff. Yes, that sure is a picture of a horned dinosaur.
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Mark Witton @markwitton.bsky.social · 23/07/2026
Some were clearly made by bowerslackers in need of a good dressing down. This ain't the rehearsal, son.
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Mark Witton @markwitton.bsky.social · 23/07/2026
Thanks Becky! I've sent you a message.
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Mark Witton @markwitton.bsky.social · 23/07/2026
I've spent far too long agonising over this.
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Mark Witton @markwitton.bsky.social · 22/07/2026
Thanks for your comment. I am normally on board with alt-text, but there's none here because I need to know how people see and interpret this image.
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Mark Witton @markwitton.bsky.social · 22/07/2026
Seeking feedback on this image of Neanderthals chatting. Any comments or feedback on their appearance or expressions, positive or negative?
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Mark Witton @markwitton.bsky.social · 22/07/2026
The link to registration is now live: www.geocollections.org/events/199-s... Some important notes: 1) It's a >>free<< conference! 2) Part of the day will be devoted to discussing the future of SVPCA. 3) Space is limited, and time definitely is, so register early to avoid disappointment!
geocollections.org
SVPCA 2026 - Symposium on Vertebrate Palaeontology and Comparative Anatomy - Geological Collections Group
The Geological Collections Group is for anyone who is interested in geological collections. Membership is open to all and is reasonably priced.
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Mark Witton @markwitton.bsky.social · 20/07/2026
Laying out my #DinoCon #paleoart display to check everything looks OK... I seem to have printed an illustrated essay. Bring your reading glasses, folks.
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Mark Witton @markwitton.bsky.social · 20/07/2026
Am happy to say that #SVPCA 2026 >is< happening: a one-day event, 10th September, at the Uni. of Southampton. Registration opens very soon so, if you're on the SVPCA mailing list or FB group, expect details imminently. I'll post links etc. here too. For now, here's the shiny new conference logo...
A menagerie of prehistoric animals in the SVPCA 2026 logo. Always fearful that someone is upset that their research group is neglected in conference logos, this includes representatives of everything we usually cover at these meetings. (I bet I still forgot something!) All silhouettes come from my paintings.
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Mark Witton @markwitton.bsky.social · 20/07/2026
By criminy, it looks like I've got another book to proofread.
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