I've had a few student questions this week about exam technique so wanted to share my thoughts with all of you on how to best approach mul...

You’ve learned to listen to the brain’s electrical activity with EEG — now it’s time to see it. Neuroimaging gives us a window into the bra...

Electroencephalography (EEG) is like eavesdropping on a conversation happening in your cerebral cortex. But instead of words, it uses elec...

Every action in the brain - whether catching a ball, calming a panic attack, or waking from anaesthesia - starts at the synapse . In physiol...

Recognising seizure types isn't just about memorising lists — it's about observing patterns, interpreting subtle clues, and linking symptom...

You’ve probably heard it already today—someone swearing by their Anki deck, proudly announcing they’re “only 600 cards behind.” Flashcards ...

Ready to dive into the fascinating world of neurotransmitters? These tiny molecules are the chemical messengers that keep your nervous sys...

Welcome! Whether you’ve stumbled in while revising neuroanatomy or you're deep in a diagnostic reasoning rabbit hole, this blog was design...

Hepatitis B serology can feel like a maze of antigens, antibodies, and confusing lab results, but each marker tells a distinct story about t...

Structure, Function, and Clinical Relevance The liver is a multitasking marvel. Few organs work harder than the liver. Whether it’s keeping...

Gastrointestinal (GI) bleeding is a common and potentially serious problem in medicine. Some cases involve chronic, slow blood loss, leading...

Lymphoma is a malignancy of lymphoid tissue, encompassing a diverse group of blood cancers originating in B cells, T cells, or (rarely) nat...

ALT: a dog is sitting on a couch with its eyes closed and a person is standing behind it .

Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) consists of Crohn’s disease (CD) and ulcerative colitis (UC)—two chronic, immune-mediated disorders of the...

Anaemia is one of the most frequently encountered clinical problems, yet its underlying mechanisms are diverse. Defined as a reduction in ha...

Leukaemia refers to a group of blood cancers arising from abnormal proliferation of white blood cell precursors. The problem begins in the...

Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a chronic autoimmune disease characterised by multisystem involvement and a complex interplay of gen...

Pathophysiology of antiphospholipid syndrome Antiphospholipid syndrome (APS) is an autoimmune disorder characterised by the presence of anti...

Have you ever found yourself staring at neatly typed lecture notes, wondering why the information doesn’t seem to stick? You were there, y...

Measles cases in the US are now over 1,000 cases across 30 states. 3 people have died in this outbreak and 130 have been hospitalised. And...

Acid suppression therapy 🔬 Proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) – irreversible acid blockers 💡 Mechanism: PPIs (e.g., omeprazole, pantoprazole,...

The immune system functions as a highly selective defence network, recognising foreign pathogens while preserving self-tolerance to avoid at...

Helicobacter pylori (H.pylori) is a gram-negative, spiral-shaped bacterium that resides in the gastric mucosa, affecting nearly half the gl...

Haemostasis is the body's finely tuned process of maintaining blood flow while preventing excessive bleeding or clot formation. It operate...

Barrett’s oesophagus is a pre-malignant condition characterised by intestinal metaplasia of the normal stratified squamous epithelium in the...

Gastro-oesophageal reflux disease (GORD) occurs due to chronic reflux of gastric contents into the oesophagus, leading to mucosal irritati...

Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs)—such as ibuprofen, naproxen, and aspirin—are essential in clinical practice, but their effects...

🌍 Social Determinants of Mental Health: Beyond Biology! 🧠 Mental health is shaped by far more than individual choices or biology—it’s profoundly influenced by the social determinants of health....