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The Journal of Immunology @jimmunol.bsky.social · 15h

Researchers inactivated the Ii genes in two well-characterized human B cell lines and assessed the effect on MHCII antigen presentation and other Ii- and MHCII-dependent B cell properties. Read what they found in The JI: ow.ly/ZNfG50ZUUgY.

Western blot analysis showing protein expression in Raji and LG2 cells under different conditions labeled NB, B, and K8. Ii limits the accumulation of aberrant peptide/HLA-DR conformers.

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The Journal of Immunology @jimmunol.bsky.social · 07/10/2026

Data demonstrate that KDM4A knockdown alleviated neuropathic pain (NP) and inhibited microglial pyroptosis in chronic constriction injury rat models providing novel insights into the epigenetic regulation of NP. Learn more about this in The JI: ow.ly/S7Qy50ZUUfp.

Schematic Diagram of the Mechanism. KDM4A promotes MEG3 expression by removing H3K9me2/3 modifications. MEG3 promotes the ubiquitination and degradation of HES1 at least partially by recruiting E3 ubiquitin ligase SMURF2 to interact with HES1. This ultimately promotes NLRP3 inflammasome activation-mediated microglial pyroptosis and inflammatory responses, which in turn accelerates the progression of neuropathic pain.

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The Journal of Immunology @jimmunol.bsky.social · 06/10/2026

Researchers studied the frequencies of TRA rearrangements on a repertoire-wide level in different T cell subsets across the lifespan and found that peripheral antigenic selections favor T cells bearing 2 productive TRA rearrangements with age. Read more: ow.ly/MWSv50ZUUbn.

Productivity of the total TRA repertoire in thymocyte subsets. The productivity of 4 thymocyte subsets and unsorted PBMCs of 4 donors are shown. Each point represents a single sample. The subset definitions are shown in Table 2.

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The Journal of Immunology @jimmunol.bsky.social · 06/10/2026

Researchers investigated how the natSpTrf proteins may function in the sea urchin immune system in vivo. They found that upon detection of a pathogen the SpTrf gene family is upregulated and the natSpTrf proteins are produced. Read more in The JI: ow.ly/9KR250ZUU9M

A working hypothesis for the functions of the natSpTrf system in sea urchins. The functions of the rSpTrf proteins isolated from Escherichia coli and insect cells illustrate a possible range of functions carried out by the natSpTrf proteins in sea urchins.

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The Journal of Immunology @jimmunol.bsky.social · 25/09/2026

Researchers investigated whether MHC-I and MHC-II antigen presentation and the presence of endogenous cDC1s contribute to the efficacy of adjuvant-activated, tumor antigen–loaded cDC1 vaccines. See what they found in The JI: ow.ly/FZ8J50ZQ9K9.

Characterization and functional evaluation of WT, MHC-IKO, and MHC-IIKO cDC1s. Reference scRNA-seq cells are displayed as dots, and bulk RNA-seq samples are overlaid as shapes, corresponding to individual genotypes, as indicated.

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The Journal of Immunology @jimmunol.bsky.social · 24/09/2026

Data suggest that sodium butyrate acts as a modulator of macrophage programming during a critical developmental window, leading to a sustained antimicrobial state that is mechanistically and functionally distinct from classical trained immunity. See more: ow.ly/gNqS50ZQ9H3.

Twenty-four hours postisolation, bone marrow cells undergoing macrophage differentiation were primed with 1 mM SB for 96 h. This was followed by a 72 h washout period in SB-free medium prior to secondary bacterial challenge. ROS production was measured in reprogrammed cells or naïve BMDMs following bacterial challenge with APEC O78 ST-23 at an MOI of 10 (+APEC) or a PBS blank using DCFDA fluorescence (n = 3). NO production from reprogrammed, naïve, or LPS-primed (10 ng/mL) cells. Significance was determined by calculating the area under the curve. (B) BMDMs and (C) HD11 cells were determined after LPS stimulation (100 ng/mL) (n = 3). Data are presented as mean ± SEM. Each BMDM replicate consisted of bone marrow cells pooled from 3 birds and performed in triplicate. Significance was determined by Kruskal-Wallis statistical test and Dunn’s test of multiple comparison *P ≤ 0.05. ns, nonsignificant; Rep, reprogrammed.

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The Journal of Immunology @jimmunol.bsky.social · 23/09/2026

Data show that the processes underlying T cell homeostasis are affected by age, species, and microbial exposure and even laboratory mice born to wild mice do not capture all age-related changes in T cell maintenance observed in humans. Read more: ow.ly/suoS50ZQ9vK.

Percentage and number of naive and memory T cells over age in standard lab mice and wildlings.

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The Journal of Immunology @jimmunol.bsky.social · 22/09/2026

New data show that skullcapflavone II (SkII) alleviates osteoarthritis progression by inhibiting ferroptosis. The potent effects of SkII are largely attributable to its antiferroptotic activity, highlighting its significant clinical potential. Read more: ow.ly/lBrq50ZQ9ta.

SkII attenuated ferroptosis in vivo. (A–C) The concentrations of MDA and Fe2+, and the activity of SOD in cartilage tissues, were measured. (D–F) The mRNA level of indicated genes in cartilage tissues was analyzed by qRT-PCR. (G) The protein level of ETV4, SLC7A11, GPX4, and cleaved caspase-3 in cartilage tissues was analyzed by Western blotting. For all the statistical data, the data are presented as the mean ± SD, and the statistical significance of the differences among groups was assessed using 1-way analysis of variance. Blank versus model, ## P < 0.01; model versus SkII, *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01 (n = 6).

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The Journal of Immunology @jimmunol.bsky.social · 13/09/2026

New data provides insights into the signaling pathways that induce neutrophil extracellular traps in response to SARS-CoV-2, highlighting new targets for studies and therapies for COVID-19. Find the full paper in The JI: ow.ly/I7Qt50ZLyjq.

Proteins involved in the generation of ROS are increased in neutrophils from patients with COVID-19. (A) BALs from pneumonia patients were analyzed, and evaluated cohorts were divided into patients with pneumonia without COVID-19 (13 patients) and COVID-19 (22 patients). (B) Single-cell RNA sequencing demonstrates the cell types present during COVID-19 infection and pneumonia without COVID-19. (C) Analysis of genes that encode NOX2-forming proteins in neutrophils from BAL of patients with COVID-19. (D) Assessment of labeling with the MitoSOX staining in airway aspirate from a patient with COVID-19. Images are representative of 5 independent experiments. tSNE, t-distributed stochastic neighbor embedding.

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The Journal of Immunology @jimmunol.bsky.social · 12/09/2026

Researchers produced homogeneous MHC-Ip complexes for 25 class I MHC alleles and demonstrated that tetramers produced in this way are equivalent to conventionally produced tetramers for T-cell staining. Read about it in The JI: ow.ly/hAEq50ZLycZ.

Native IEF gels document peptide exchange into 3C-protease cleaved ELBM constructs. Protein bands shift according to the net charge of the exchange peptides for H2-Kb (A) and HLA-A*02:01 (B).

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The Journal of Immunology @jimmunol.bsky.social · 12/09/2026

Despite a prominent IL-17 transcriptional signature, data show IL-17 and IκBζ are not required for autoantibody production or inflammation in a murine model of idiopathic inflammatory myopathy, an autoimmune disease targeting muscles and organs. 🔗 ow.ly/I0f050ZLyiC.

Diagram showing IL-17R signaling in mouse muscle cells linked to HRS/Jo-1 myositis involving Act1, TRAF6, and NF-kB pathways.

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The Journal of Immunology @jimmunol.bsky.social · 11/09/2026

In a #BriefReview authors discuss the role of lysosomes in immune cells and their potential for developing targeted therapeutic strategies and for enhancing the safety and efficacy of novel biological entities (NBEs). Find the full article in The JI: ow.ly/Aofs50ZLyaL.

Extracellular protein processing and presentation in the endocytic pathway. Antigen-presenting cells engulf extracellular proteins via endocytosis mechanisms, encapsulating them in early endosome vesicles. After undergoing a maturation step, newly late endosomes can merge with lysosomes into intermediate structures, known as endolysosomes, where antigen processing occurs. The newly generated peptides are loaded onto the MHCII molecules and presented on the APC’s surface membrane. The recognition of MHCII-peptide complexes promotes the activation, differentiation, and proliferation of CD4+ Th cells.

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The Journal of Immunology @jimmunol.bsky.social · 10/09/2026

Data featured in the Clinical and Human Immunology special issue elucidate the metabolic and functional kinetics of MAIT cell responses to innate cytokines and may have implications in the context of human viral infections. Read more: ow.ly/8BnC50ZLy79.

Glucose and glycogen are critical determinants of human MAIT cell metabolic and functional stimulation with IL-18/IFNα.

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The Journal of Immunology @jimmunol.bsky.social · 09/09/2026

Data support CD151+cCD4 T cell expansion as a signal of altered immune remodeling detectable years before cancer diagnosis in people living with HIV, suggesting a link between chronic immune dysregulation and malignancy. Find it in this issue: ow.ly/XnHy50ZLyav.

CD151+CD4+ T cell frequencies increase with age in PWOH but are prematurely elevated in PWHc. PBMCs from PWOH (n = 16), PWHnc (n = 16), and PWHc (n = 18) were analyzed using multiparameter flow cytometry. Scatter plots demonstrate the relationship between age and the frequency of CD4+CD151+ T cells in PWOH (A), PWHnc (B), and PWHc (C). Spearman and Pearson correlation analysis was performed for all scatter plots, and coefficients are reported. (D) Comparison of CD4+CD151+ T cells among groups. Horizontal bars indicate medians. Statistical comparisons were performed using Kruskal-Wallis (KW) testing with post hoc Dunn’s correction. P values are indicated above comparisons.

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The Journal of Immunology @jimmunol.bsky.social · 09/09/2026

Researchers found that improved treatment outcomes for patients with COVID-19 correlated with gene expression shifts in 4 key immunological pathways. Find out which ones and explore the entire Clinical and Human Immunology special issue in The JI: ow.ly/Uuby50ZLy5b

Diagram showing molecular signatures linked to COVID-19 treatment responses in patients from the ACCORD trial using Bemcentinib, Tozorakimab, and Zilucoplan.

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The Journal of Immunology @jimmunol.bsky.social · 02/09/2026

Watch out for daily emails promising deep discounts or immediate editorial board seats! Predatory publishers mimic legitimate journals to profit at your expense. Learn how to spot the signs with guidance from AAI: ow.ly/Omu450Zx1B1.

Graphic warning about predatory publishers with sharks swimming underwater and advice to learn to spot the signs.

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The Journal of Immunology @jimmunol.bsky.social · 29/08/2026

Data confirm that good sleep is essential to maximize sepsis survival and provides insight into the molecular basis whereby poor sleep alters immune function. These results could inform hospital care for patients. ow.ly/FUGe50ZEUPU.

Infographic showing how 48-hour sleep interruption in mice worsens sepsis by altering macrophage immune responses and increasing mortality.

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The Journal of Immunology @jimmunol.bsky.social · 28/08/2026

Data from a CRISPRi screen in a type 3 innate lymphoid cell model implicated SON and MAP4K1 as novel regulators of type III immunity through their impact on the expression of signature cytokines and upstream factors. Read more in The JI: ow.ly/fwJg50ZEUPb.

CRISPRi screen identifies known and potential novel regulators of type III cytokines.

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The Journal of Immunology @jimmunol.bsky.social · 27/08/2026

Researchers propose a model of macrophage redox biology that provides a unifying framework for how inflammatory macrophages balance the dual demands of killing microbes and self-protection in hostile, redox-intensive environments. Learn more: ow.ly/eve150ZEUMP.

Reversible redox-protective phenotype in M(LPS) and M(LPS-IFN-γ) macrophages. (a, b) Time course (a) and 48-h endpoint (b) of cell death upon ferroptosis induction with 0.05 µM RSL3 or mock; n = 10. (c, d) Cell death at 48 h upon treatment with 0.05 µM RSL3 (c) or mock (d) ± 1 µM Fer-1; n = 10. (e, f) BMDM stimulation with LPS, IFN-γ, or LPS-IFN-γ for 18 h; 0.05 µM RLS3 was added either directly (0 d at the time of stimulant removal) or 3 or 5 days after removing stimulants; n = 5. All data are shown as mean ± SEM. Statistical analysis was performed using 2-way ANOVA with Sidak multiple comparison test; ***P < 0.001, ****P < 0.0001. FIN, ferroptosis inducer.

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The Journal of Immunology @jimmunol.bsky.social · 26/08/2026

Data establishes an efficient methodology for dominant epitope screening while providing both theoretical foundations and practical solutions for the prevention and control of viral diseases in largemouth bass. Find it in The JI: ow.ly/ft2b50ZEUKa.

PLGA-based multiepitope microsphere vaccine effectively prevents LMBV infection. (A) Histological examination of liver and spleen tissues from largemouth bass (M. salmoides) at 14 d after immunization. Scale bar: 100 μm. (B) ELISA analysis of specific IgM Ab responses in serum from different groups at various time points after vaccination. Serum samples were diluted at a ratio of 1:400, and peptide-specific Ab levels were determined by measuring absorbance at 450 nm. Data are presented as mean ± SD with 3 technical replicates per dilution. (C) qRT-PCR analysis of immune-related genes in different groups of M. salmoides. Data represent the mean of 3 replicates and are expressed as mean ± SD. (D) Survival rates of different treatment groups after a 14-d lethal LMBV challenge. Survival of M. salmoides in each group was monitored daily for 14 d after challenge, which was conducted at 28 d after immunization (n = 30/group).

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The Journal of Immunology @jimmunol.bsky.social · 25/08/2026

In a #PillarsofImmunology article, authors discuss a pivotal 2005 paper by K. Karikó, M. Buckstein, H. Ni, and D. Weissman on suppression of RNA recognition by Toll-like receptors in the context of mRNA vaccines. Read the full article online: ow.ly/o2mY50ZEU57.

Article summary on nucleoside modifications suppressing RNA immune sensing in Pillars of Immunology.

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The Journal of Immunology @jimmunol.bsky.social · 24/08/2026

Data establish endoplasmic reticulum stress–mediated IκBζ accumulation as a key driver of inflammatory pathogenesis and a potential therapeutic target in ER stress–associated inflammatory disorders including #autoimmunity and #cancer. Learn more: ow.ly/NPF350ZEU0j.

A dual mechanism drives ER stress–mediated exacerbation of inflammation. ER stress synergizes with TLR signaling via 2 pathways: (i) transcriptional cooperation between XBP1s and IκBζ to induce Il6 and Nos2; and (ii) IP3R–Ca2+-dependent degradation of Regnase-1, a process associated with the stabilization of Nfkbiz and Il6 mRNAs. This environment also suppresses the induction of reparative macrophage phenotypes, collectively resulting in a nonresolving, hyperinflammatory response.

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The Journal of Immunology @jimmunol.bsky.social · 22/08/2026

Data suggest that there is an intrinsic, ectodomain-dependent difference between the CD16a-V158F polymorphic variants in the context of soluble immune complexes. Researchers recommend reanalysis of previous datasets for CD16a allelic variations. See more: ow.ly/QuAc50ZB3MM.

The V158F polymorphism in human FcγRIIIa/CD16a results in different receptor responses upon binding of soluble immune complexes: CD16aV receptors (lower left) are cross-linked and trigger cell activation, whereas CD16aF receptors do not (lower right). Both receptor types respond to immobilised antigen following opsonisation with IgG (upper panels).

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The Journal of Immunology @jimmunol.bsky.social · 21/08/2026

Data highlight Foxp1 as an important mediator of thymic epithelial cell development and immune tolerance and may point to Foxp1 as a potential target to enhance thymic function after injury or age-related involution. Read more in The JI: ow.ly/ibmw50ZB3Ke.

TEC-specific deletion of Foxp1 results in autoimmunity. (A) Total Splenocyte count in Foxn1-Cre−/Foxp1fl/fl mice (Cre−) and Foxn1-Cre/Foxp1fl/fl mice (Cre) mice aged > 300 days (n = 7 to 11 mice). (B) Flow cytometry (left) and percentage and absolute number (right) of splenic naive and Memory Activated CD4 T cells in mice aged > 300 days. (C) Flow cytometry (left) and percentage and absolute number (right) of splenic Naïve, central memory, and memory-activated CD8 T cells in mice aged > 300 d (n = 5 to 9 mice). (D) H&E staining of the lacrimal gland, salivary gland, lung, and liver in mice >300 d. Scale bars shown. Bar graphs quantitate lymphocytic infiltrate (n = 9 mice). (A to D) Graphs show mean ±SD of values shown and each data point is an individual mouse. *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01, ***P < 0.001, ****P < 0.0001, NS = non-significant using Student t test for (A–C) or Mann–Whitney for (D).

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The Journal of Immunology @jimmunol.bsky.social · 20/08/2026

Researchers characterized subpopulations of CSF1R-expressing macrophages in chicken immune organs finding that the immunomodulatory functions of CSF1/CSF1R are unique to birds and worthy of further study beyond chickens. Learn more: ow.ly/9XYR50ZB3Gt.

Involution of the bursa of Fabricius in CSF1RKO chicken. Representative images of bursa of Fabricius from 3-day old CSF1RKO (A and C) or WT (B and D) chicks stained for BU-1+ B-cells (red) and the CSF1R-EGFP transgene (green) (A and B) or CD11 (red) and the CSF1R-EGFP transgene (green) (C and D). (A and B) BU.1+ cells in intact B cell follicles (*) are depleted in CSF1RKO bursa and intrafollicular EGFP+ macrophages are absent. By contrast, M cell–like EGFP+ cells within follicle-associated epithelium are retained (arrows). (C and D) Higher magnification of individual follicles confirms the absence of CD11+/EGFP+ intrafollicular macrophages in the CSF1RKO bursa alongside perifollicular accumulation of CD11+/EGFP+ granulocytes (arrows). Scale bars = 100 µm (A and B); 20 µm (C and D).

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The Journal of Immunology @jimmunol.bsky.social · 19/08/2026

Researchers found that multiple D gene incorporation is an evolutionarily conserved and regulated feature of the TRD CDR3 repertoire closely associated with the innate-versus-adaptive and fetal-versus-postnatal axes of γδ T cells. Learn more: ow.ly/Sc3O50ZB3BQ.

Diagram showing TRD (γδ T cells) have higher frequency of multiple D gene incorporation than TRB (αβ T cells) and IGH (B cells), with genomic loci and RSS configurations illustrated.

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The Journal of Immunology @jimmunol.bsky.social · 19/08/2026

A novel conditional mouse model facilitates further investigation of Rgs14 in inflammatory bowel disease and potentially in other areas, including metabolism, neuroscience, and aging. Find it in The JI: ow.ly/ZWB850ZB3cO.

Conditional RGS14 deletion in monocytes and macrophages aggravates colitis. Colitis was induced by adding 1.5% dextran sodium sulfate (DSS) to Rgs14f/fCx3cr1+ and Rgs14f/f mice for 5 d followed by 7 d of drinking water. (A) The percentage of body weight change ± SD and (B) disease activity score ± SD are presented. The data were analyzed using the 2-way ANOVA. *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01, ***P < 0.001, ****P < 0.0001. (C) A representative image of the colon from each group is shown. (D) The proinflammatory cytokines Tnf, Il6, Il1b expression in the murine colon and MLN of Rgs14f/fCx3cr1+ and control littermates Rgs14f/f was determined by qRT-PCR. Representative (E) H&E staining image at day 12, (F) endoscopic image of colons at day 12 from each group. The data were analyzed using the Mann–Whitney U test. *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01, ***P < 0.001, ****P < 0.0001.

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The Journal of Immunology @jimmunol.bsky.social · 18/08/2026

A new approach directly addresses major bottlenecks in CAR-NK cell manufacturing, providing a modular platform for programming NK cells with challenging and large payloads. Learn more in The JI. ow.ly/mbgz50ZB3bQ.

Functional and phenotypic evaluation of mCAR-NK cells. (A) Phenotypic purity of fresh and expanded NK cells. Each data point is a biological replicate. (B) Expression of NKG2D in fresh and expanded NK cells. Each data point is a biological replicate. (C) Expression of the activation marker NKG2D in mCAR-NK and SLC1A5-mCAR-NK cells. Each data point is a technical replicate. (D and E) CD107a/LAMP1 expression (D) and IFN-γ expression (E) from transduced and untransduced cells when stimulated with or without A549 at a 10:1 effector-to-target ratio. Each data point is a technical replicate from a single donor. (F) Proliferation of mCAR and SLC1A5-mCAR-NK cells. Each data point is a biological replicate. (G) Stability of SLC1A5 expression on NK cells over 15 d. (H) Stability of mCAR expression in NK cells over 15 d. Each data point is a biological replicate. Data are reported as mean ± SD. *P < 0.05, **P < 0.005.

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The Journal of Immunology @jimmunol.bsky.social · 16/08/2026

New data shed light on the feedback and interplay between major immune regulatory factors and highlight potential interactions and mechanisms that may contribute to the progression towards chronic manifestation of hepatitis B virus. Learn more: ow.ly/eKOY50ZvWmm.

TGF-β is unique amongst other immune regulatory factors in promoting the anti-HBs IgG response

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The Journal of Immunology @jimmunol.bsky.social · 15/08/2026

Data suggest that a parenteral vaccination approach that efficiently induces liver tissue resident memory expressing IL-18R should provide robust protection against mucosal or systemic infection with Salmonella. Learn more in The JI: ow.ly/xGCR50ZvWjr.

Liver TRM T cells are more protective than intestinal TRM T cells. C57BL/6 mice were immunized with Salmonella-2W1S IV and, 45 d later, received 50 µg S + 16a or PBS by IV injection 15 min before harvest of T cells isolated from the liver and LP for adoptive transfer into TCRα-deficient recipients. Recipients were challenged IV with attenuated Salmonella (A–C, F) or virulent Salmonella orally (A, D, E, and G) 24 h after adoptive transfer. Significance was calculated by 1-way ANOVA; data are reported as mean + SEM.

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The Journal of Immunology @jimmunol.bsky.social · 14/08/2026

Researchers found a central role for p120 in macrophage efferocytosis and inflammatory resolution and suggest that targeting macrophage p120 may represent a novel therapeutic strategy to promote recovery from inflammatory lung injury. Read more in The JI: ow.ly/EIrY50ZvWi0.

PPARγ inhibition impairs p120-mediated efferocytosis and resolution of LPS-induced lung inflammation and injury.

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The Journal of Immunology @jimmunol.bsky.social · 13/08/2026

Data show progressive gene expression changes within the preselection double-positive thymocyte population that correlates with a gradual reduction in TCR responsiveness and reduced upregulation of TCR target genes associated with the CD4 fate. Read more: ow.ly/f89350ZvWg9.

Differential gene expression between early and late preselection DP thymocytes in WT mice.

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The Journal of Immunology @jimmunol.bsky.social · 12/08/2026

Data establish BACH1 as a molecular controller that integrates early innate immune signaling with regenerative output, positioning it as a central node linking transcriptional control, immune fate decisions, and tissue repair. Learn more: ow.ly/eQqw50ZvWev.

Bach1 deficiency in myeloid cells generates a pro-inflammatory microenvironment that impairs muscle stem cell differentiation.

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The Journal of Immunology @jimmunol.bsky.social · 11/08/2026

Researchers performed a CRISPRi screen in an ILC3 cell model which showed SON and MAP4K1 as novel regulators of type III immunity. This line of work could increase our understanding of the balance between healthy or damaging immune responses. Read more: ow.ly/iBBb50ZvWaE.

CRISPRi screen identifies known and potential novel regulators of type III cytokines. (A) Overview of MNK3i cell engineering. MNK3 cells were stably transduced with a tetracycline (dox) inducible expression vector for catalytically dead Cas9 (dCas9). A MNK3i subclone was then transduced with lentiviral expression vectors for sgRNAs to inhibit specific genes (blue squiggle in cell indicates an sgRNA bound to dCas9). (

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Reposted by The Journal of Immunology

The American Association of Immunologists @aai.org · 08/08/2026

From unlocking the microbiome to pioneering life-saving therapeutics, AAI members are rewriting the rules of medicine. Your membership fuels the platforms and grants that make it possible. Become a member today: members.aai.org #JoinAAI #ScienceMatters

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Reposted by The Journal of Immunology

The American Association of Immunologists @aai.org · 06/08/2026

Know an exceptional immunologist? Nominations for the 2027 AAI Career Awards are now open! Recognize leaders, mentors, and rising stars in the field. Submit by September 15! 🔗 ow.ly/Sb0p50Zx8g9

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The Journal of Immunology @jimmunol.bsky.social · 10/08/2026

Data show CD7 drives T cell exhaustion during chronic viral infection suggesting CD7 as a potential therapeutic target to improve effector CD8 T cell-mediated control over chronic infection and malignancy. Read more: ow.ly/gPth50ZvW8w.

CD7 is upregulated on exhausted T cells during chronic viral infection and cancer.

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The Journal of Immunology @jimmunol.bsky.social · 09/08/2026

When comparing immune responses to wild type measles and live-attenuated measles vaccine (LAMV) in macaques, WT measles caused a rapid immune response but also acute immune suppression, while LAMV did not show evidence of immune suppression. Read more: ow.ly/TYbX50ZvW72.

Longitudinal analysis of TCR repertoire properties per T cell subtype following WT MeV infection or LAMV vaccination. (A) Right: UMAP projecting TCR-VDJ repertoire information availability in GEX T cell clusters at baseline. Left: Bar chart showing the baseline proportion of T cells in each cluster with or without available TCR-VDJ, summarized from 6 RMs. Teal or pink indicate if VDJ information is or is not available respectively. (B) UMAP projecting TRBC and TRGC constant gene information from the TCR-VDJ library onto T cell clusters at baseline. (C) Dotplot showing top 15 genes per TRBC1, TRBC2, TRGC1, TRGC2 T cells. (D) TRBV and (E) TRAV gene usage per timepoint and treatment group in CD8 cytotoxic T cells (cluster 3 in the T cell-only Seurat object). Of note, TRBV6-3 and TRAV1-2 were used >30% in one RM at D0, thus these 2 datapoints were removed in the proportional analysis.

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The Journal of Immunology @jimmunol.bsky.social · 08/08/2026

Researchers identified bacterial-specific transfer-messenger RNA (tmRNA), a conserved RNA involved in ribosome rescue during bacterial translation, as a previously unrecognized PAMP as it induced production of IL-6, TNF-α, and IFN-α in murine models. 🔗 ow.ly/rrf550ZvW4S

tmRNA induces the expression of proinflammatory cytokines through the TLR7 MyD88 pathway. (A–C) Flt3L-derived DCs (Flt-DCs) from TLR7 WT and KO mice were left untreated (ctrl) or stimulated for 24 hours with tmRNA plus CLs. The production of IFN-α (A), TNF-α (B), and IL-6 (C) was measured by ELISA. (D–F) Flt-DCs from MyD88 WT and KO mice were treated as described above, and the production of IFN-α (D), TNF-α (E), and IL-6 (F) was measured by ELISA. Data are shown as the mean ± SD of 3 independent experiments (n = 3). Each dot represents an independent experiment. Statistical significance was determined using Welch’s t-test. *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01 vs ctrl within each genotype; #P < 0.05, ##P < 0.01 vs WT under the same stimulation conditions.

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The Journal of Immunology @jimmunol.bsky.social · 07/08/2026

Our understanding of the innate immune mechanisms related tuberculosis (TB) is limited. New data suggest that neutrophil subpopulations are associated with TB disease progression as they can modulate CD8 T cells’ functions. Learn more in The JI: ow.ly/xrEk50ZvW2S.

Lung granuloma neutrophil diversity is linked to the spleen compartment. (A) Comparison of the frequency of neutrophil subsets between BM, blood, lung granulomas, and spleen at the time of necropsy. The data presented are median values. *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01, ***P < 0.001, and ***P < 0.0001, 2-way analysis of variance test with Sidak’s correction for multiple testing. (B) Cytocompare analysis comparing and matching neutrophil clusters with similar phenotypes between tissues: spleen, blood, lung granulomas, and BM. The stack bar plot represents the number of neutrophil clusters with a similar phenotype in the two tissues. Clusters are grouped together by neutrophil subpopulation. (C, D) Circos diagram showing neutrophil cluster phenotypic connections between BM, blood, lung granulomas, and spleen. Neutrophil clusters are colored by subset: preneutrophils and mature, immature, and other neutrophils.

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The Journal of Immunology @jimmunol.bsky.social · 06/08/2026

Data show that loss of bromodomain PHD finger transcription factor (BPTF) in germinal center (GC) B cells leads to impaired GC responses and fewer antigen-specific memory B cells and plasma cells following immunization. Learn more in The JI: ow.ly/RLEQ50ZvW08.

BPTF is necessary for GC B cell survival.

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The Journal of Immunology @jimmunol.bsky.social · 06/08/2026

Did you know predatory publishers often clone legitimate journal titles? Always double-check journal names independently — dropping a single word like "The" could lead you to a fake outlet. Read more: ow.ly/WRCI50Zx7CT. #ScientificPublishing

Underwater scene with fish and sharks, warning to be aware of predatory publishers and learn to spot the signs.

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The Journal of Immunology @jimmunol.bsky.social · 04/08/2026

Data uncover a novel mechanism by which doxorubicin enhances neuroblastoma tumor susceptibility to γδT-cell–mediated killing through ULBP1 up-regulation, provides a strong rationale for combining chemotherapy with immunotherapy. Learn more: ow.ly/kaBX50ZvVVi.

DOX-induced upregulation of NKG2D ligand ULBP1 expression in NB cells. The results are expressed as the mean ± SEM from at least 3 independent experiments. Significant differences between groups are represented by *P < 0.05; **P < 0.01. MFI, mean fluorescence intensity.

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The Journal of Immunology @jimmunol.bsky.social · 03/08/2026

Data suggest a significant role for CCR6-CCL20 signaling in regulating Ig isotype switching at the mucosal barrier during intestinal inflammation, thereby offering important insights into CCR6-mediated inflammatory pathologies. Learn more: ow.ly/3Wvr50ZvVT7

Diagram showing CCR6 receptor on B lymphocyte binding CCL20, activating signaling proteins pAKT, pmTOR, and pSTAT, leading to IgA production.

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The Journal of Immunology @jimmunol.bsky.social · 30/07/2026

Explore the official Abstract Supplement published in The JI. An invaluable resource for catching up on the latest data, preliminary findings, and emerging trends shared by colleagues from around the globe. 🔗 ow.ly/2PYZ50ZuMM3.

Cover of The Journal of Immunology 2026 featuring scientists working in labs and vials of samples, highlighting immunology research.

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The Journal of Immunology @jimmunol.bsky.social · 19/07/2026

Researchers identified a chronic critical illness after trauma is not driven by classic immunosuppression but is driven by an IL-17–skewed immune program and ineffective pathogen control. Learn more about how this could help patients: ow.ly/mx1Y50ZnO23.

CCI patients have higher frequency of functional IL-17A–producing T cells. (A) Representative flow plot of CD5+IL-17A+ cells from trauma patient PBMCs stimulated in vitro with anti-CD3/anti-CD28 mAbs. (B) Percentage of CD5 cells producing IL-17A from each trauma patient cohort and HC subjects. Statistical assessment using Brown-Forsythe and unpaired t with Welch’s correction is shown for each individual comparison. The number of samples for flow cytometry were 14, 11, 15, and 32 for the HC, RR, IM, and CCI groups, respectively. *P ≤ 0.05, **P ≤ 0.01, ***P ≤ 0.001, ****P ≤ 0.0001.

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The Journal of Immunology @jimmunol.bsky.social · 18/07/2026

New data underscores the role of mitochondrial health in shaping T cell functional diversity and response to immune checkpoint inhibitors, which researchers say holds insight for developing novel immunomonitoring strategies. Learn more in The JI: ow.ly/8mt050ZnO0r.

T cell metabolic profiles stratified by clinical benefit reveal distinct functional states associated with immunotherapy response.

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The Journal of Immunology @jimmunol.bsky.social · 17/07/2026

When determining how γδ T cells in the fetus respond to cytomegalovirus infection, researchers found that they exhibit a high degree of proliferation, activation, and memory differentiation. Read more in the new Clinical and Human Immunology Collection: ow.ly/UEBg50ZnNZo.

Clonally expanded Vδ1+ T cells in cCMV+ neonates have cytotoxic programming and fetal-derived TCR characteristics.

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The Journal of Immunology @jimmunol.bsky.social · 16/07/2026

Data demonstrate that rheumatoid arthritis patients have both intrinsic differences in natural VDJ arrangements and overall B cell selection processes compared to healthy controls. Learn more in the Clinical and Human Immunology Special Collection: ow.ly/WP6J50ZnNVe.

Class-switching and SHM level in expanded clonotypes with N-glycosylation sites. Identified expanded clonotypes with least 10 unique sequence members within the same clonotype (with shared VH-JH and CDR3 similarities) and at least 1 member carrying an N-glyc (N-X-S/T) site, were analyzed for characterstics within the clonotype (visualized in Figs. 5 and 6). The figure shows the summary statistics for all identified expanded clonotypes with N-glyc sites in the RA patients (121 clonotypes, 3,561 sequences) and healthy blood donors (86 clonotypes, 3,469 sequences) that were not encoded by VH genes carrying germline-encoded N-glyc sites.

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The Journal of Immunology @jimmunol.bsky.social · 15/07/2026

A publication in the Clinical and Human Immunology special collection finds that notch signaling may contribute to long-term antigen-specific CD8+ T cell responses after mRNA vaccination. Learn more and read the whole collection in The JI: ow.ly/gWTS50ZnNRw.

Epitope-specific CD8+ T cells exhibit heterogeneous persistence 6 mo after the third mRNA vaccination. P values were calculated using 2-way analysis of variance. All experiments were performed once.

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