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Student achievement and self-confidence in mathematics and science: evidence from TIMSS 2023 | Large-scale Assessments in Education | Springer Nature Link
This paper examines whether underachieving students systematically overestimate their abilities and explores how confidence patterns vary across different contexts. Drawing on grade eight mathematics and science data from TIMSS 2023, we fit two-level regression models by country. Findings challenge the “unskilled and unaware” narrative: low-performing students typically reported muted, stable confidence, while high performers demonstrated strong positive achievement-confidence associations. Results align more with calibration theory and the Reciprocal Effects Model, which emphasize...
