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History of Geology Group @hoggroup.bsky.social · 8h

Marie Stopes was a founding member of the student society of the Geol. Dept. (now Earth Sciences) at UCL on 12 October 1903. First known as the 'Inner Side Club' - created for 'Fieldwork, Friendship & Fun'. Stopes was Secretary, but had left UCL by the name change to the 'Greenough Club' in 1907.

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History of Geology Group @hoggroup.bsky.social · 06/10/2026

His geological lecture room was around the corner from this main entrance. Although the interior has changed since Buckland's day, it is possible to work out where the room was from Nathanial Whittock's 1823 drawing/lithograph by lining up the buildings on the opposite side of The Broad.

The Geological Lecture Room, Oxford:
Dr. William Buckland Lecturing on February 15, 1823.

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History of Geology Group @hoggroup.bsky.social · 02/10/2026

In 1812, Mushet drew an impressive section of the strata across the the Forest of Dean coal basin. But his general order of strata had Forest Coals placed above 'Derbyshire Coal' using lithology & not fossils to correlate the strata in a reasoned but flawed mistake. See doi.org/10.17704/194....

Image of Mushet's 1812 section from Lewis, C. 2016. Earth Sciences History 35 (1): 167–196.

Part of Mushet's order of Strata from Lewis, C. 2016. Earth Sciences History 35 (1): 167–196.

Table showing Mushet's flawed order of strata - from Lewis, C. 2016. Earth Sciences History 35 (1): 167–196.

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History of Geology Group @hoggroup.bsky.social · 26/09/2026

HOGG field meeting to the South Alpine part of Scotland by Hutton and Clerk of Eldin in 1786, at Southwick coast. Hutton and Clerk of Eldin continued their exploration of this coast heading east towards their destination at Arbigland House. 5/5

Following the road above the coast eastwards towards Criffel Mountain , Hutton and Clerk of Eldin descended a "ravine" to examine the rocks and found the further proof of what they had discovered at Sandyhills bay. Clerk of Eldin made this drawing - although there are no field sketches and this seems to be a 'fair copy' drawing - so it may have been drawn from memory. The spot can be located by the stack in the background along the coast it is 'The Needle's Eye'. The HOGG field party descended the same path that can be seen in the drawing. Clerk of Eldin drew veins of granite penetrating schistus - and these can be seen in the next photo.

This is the Needle's Eye, shown in Clerk of Eldin's drawing. This locality has not previously been identified as visited by Hutton and Clerk of Eldin. There is much more foliage covering the site than shown in Clerk of Eldin's drawing but them veins of (pink) granite can be seen on the right hand side of the arch. This location appears to have been an important spot for Hutton in showing threads of granite 'invading' the schistus.

Arbigland House, built in 1755 was the residence of William Craik, a friend of Clerk of Eldin's brother, where they stayed arriving 24th September and departing on 27th 1786. They were delayed for a full day due to rain.

Image source: Craik, W. (c. 1755). Architectural drawing of a large stone manor house [Illustration]. Kirkbean Parish Heritage Society. www.kirkbean.net/arbigland-estate. The original drawing is in The Arbigland Estate Papers, Blackett Family Collection. Arbigland Estate Office, Kirkbean.

The HOGG field party enjoying a splendid tea at Arbigland House in the room where Hutton and Clerk of Eldin would have dined. Quite an experience at the end of the day - after examining th erock on the shore as did Hutton and Clerk of Eldin - we found the same fossils they encountered.

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History of Geology Group @hoggroup.bsky.social · 26/09/2026

HOGG field meeting to the South Alpine part of Scotland by Hutton and Clerk of Eldin in 1786, at Sandyhills Bay. This was another important location for Hutton on this journey, where he found an illustration of the proof for his theory that he was seeking. 4/5

Sandyhills Bay - rocks at the eastern end - the wave-cut platform and overturned beds of 'schistus' (greywacke) help to locate the spot where Hutton and Clerk of Eldin declared they found another junction with granite (the Criffel granite) with veins of granite penetrating into the schistus. Or is this the spot? That's what the HOGG field party were attempting to reconcile. Some features match perfectly but others are rather vague and seem to be more dispersed in the field than as shown in Clerk of Eldin's drawing.

Hutton and Clerk of Eldin visited this locality on 24th September 1786. This drawing was completed later as a 'fair copy' drawing - seemingly a composite from a series of original sketches in his journal notebook. Comparew with the previous photo.

The field party examining a granite intrusion into the 'schistus' (seen at the foot of the cliff. The stratified schistus above appears to have been folded. This is a good spot to examine both granite and schistus - easily observed in the boulders on the beach.

Hutton described himself and Clerk of Eldin as "breaking through the bushes and briars" where they "found the granite, not only involving the terminations of the broken and elevated strata , but also interjected among the strata...."
Just to the rear of the shoreline , at a relict (and overgrown) coastal cliff , the HOGG field party found examples of the evidence Hutton sought - broken fragments of schistus enveloped within granite.

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History of Geology Group @hoggroup.bsky.social · 26/09/2026

HOGG field meeting to the South Alpine part of Scotland by Hutton and Clerk of Eldin in 1786, at Tongland Bridge. 3/5

Looking over the old bridge built for the military road in 1761. On 21st September 1786 Hutton and Clerk of Eldin observed three porphyry dykes from here which Clerk of Eldin recorded by drawing a plan map. The HOGG field party compared the drawing to what can be observed today. Despite major changes due to a hydro-electric scheme the three dykes can still be observed - see next photo.

Looking over Tongland bridge the three dykes can be seen stretching across the river - the vertically inclined 'schistus' (greywacke) in the foreground was drawn on Clerk of Eldin's plan, which included accurate width measurements of dykes and gaps between. The plan is a masterly example of topographic mapping of its time.

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History of Geology Group @hoggroup.bsky.social · 26/09/2026

HOGG field meeting to the South Alpine part of Scotland by Hutton and Clerk of Eldin in 1786 at Cairnsmuir mountain. A HOGG information board is now displayed Cairnsmore of Fleet National Nature Reserve Visitor centre for visitors to learn why this is an important spot for the history of geology.2/5

The field party at the locality where Hutton and Clerk of Eldin considered they had found proof for Hutton's idea of granite being fluid. An important spot - as for Hutton this was a different example of what he had claimed to see at Glen Tilt a year earlier and vindication of his theory. However, it was not easy for much of the face was covered in moss; thus later he wrote: "It was not without much pains and labour that we thus proceeded to investigate what could not appear at the first sight ..."

This is the engraving of the drawing that Clerk of Eldin made of the locality at the Clints of Dromore on the edge of Cairnsmore mountain. The locality is now within the Cairnsmore National Nature Reserve looked after by NatureScot.

Included fragments of 'schistus' that convinced Hutton that here was another proof demonstrating the fluidity of granite and that it was not the original 'primitive' rock postulated by the Neptunian theory.

HOGG produced an information board at the Cairnsmore of Fleet National Nature Reserve Visitor Centre (open 24/7) so that visitors can learn about why this is a historic spot for the history of geology and the way we now understand the Earth works.

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History of Geology Group @hoggroup.bsky.social · 26/09/2026

This very week HOGG field meeting followed in the footsteps of James Hutton and John Clerk of Eldin on their 1786 Journey to the South Alpine part of Scotland, exactly 240 years later! We visited localities using original sources to observe and evaluate their "proofs and illustrations". 1/5

Cairnsmuir Burn - as they crossed Hutton and Clerk of Eldin noticed the abundance of rounded granite boulders although the bedrock is 'schistus' (greywacke) - so they conjectured the geological junction would be found up in the mountains above.

The HOGG field party viewing the 'schistus' and granite boulders in Cairnsmuir Burn

In consequence of their discovery of granite boulders in Cairnsmore Burn Hutton and Clerk of Eldin decided to hire horses and a guide in Creetown to take them up to find the schistus - granite junction along the foot of Cairnsmore mountain.
The following day ( 21st September 1786) Clerk of Eldin drew this image of Creetown, with the mountain in the background. The HOGG field party found the location where Clerk of Edlin sketched this view - then, as Hutton and Clerk of Eldin did back in 1786 , we proceeded to the foot of mountain.

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History of Geology Group @hoggroup.bsky.social · 10/08/2026

HOGG is delighted to see a date set for publication of this book, having know about it for some time, as Gordon Chancellor is a HOGG member. We are in no doubt that it will be a very useful and informative addition to recognising and understanding Darwin's geological work on his Beagle voyage.

This image is from: Stone & Rushton 2024 Charles Darwin's discovery of Devonian fossils in the Falkland Islands, 1833, and its controversial consequences. https://doi.org/10.1144/SP543-2022-190

A specimen collected by Charles Darwin at Port Louis, East Falkland. The brachiopods Australospirifer hawkinsii (labelled b) and Schellwienella sulivani (labelled c and named after Lieutenant Bartholomew Sulivan of HMS Beagle) are associated with a scattering of crinoid columnals (B17794). The Falkland Islands 2 pence coin is 25 mm in diameter.
Source: © Trustees of the Natural History Museum, London, reproduced under the terms of a Creative Commons Attribution Licence (CC-BY 4.0).

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History of Geology Group @hoggroup.bsky.social · 04/08/2026

This 1901 BAAS meeting had a strong programme of geology, & John Horne, President of the Geology Section, gave an excellent summary of progress in Scottish geology. It was at this meeting that the NW Highlands controversy was really laid to rest, a triumph for Nicol, Lapworth & Peach & Horne.

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History of Geology Group @hoggroup.bsky.social · 04/08/2026

This 1901 meeting had a strong programme of geology, & John Horne, President of the Geology Section gave an excellent summary of the progress in Scottish geology. It was at this meeting that the NW Highlands controversy was really laid to rest, a triumph for Nicol, Lapworth & Peach & Horne.

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History of Geology Group @hoggroup.bsky.social · 02/08/2026

After retirement from India R.D. Oldham lived in Kew with his sister, spending summers in the south of France, where he studied the geomorphological history of the Rhone delta. His latter years were spent at the Gawlia Hotel, Llandrindod Wells & in France. He died 15 July 1936 in the Welsh spa town.

Map of the Rhone Delta in R.D. Oldham's 1926 paper THE POST-ROMAN HISTORY OF THE RHONE DELTA in: Science Progress in the Twentieth Century (1919-1933), Vol. 20, No. 79 (JANUARY 1926), pp. 487-496

The Gwalia Hotel, Llandrindod Wells, where Richard Dixon Oldham, geologist and seismologist, spent his latter days and he died here on 15 July 1936. The spa and spa gardens are to the left of the hotel.

Recent photo of the Gwalia Hotel, Llandrindod Wells, the last residential home of geologist R.D. Oldham, who died here in July 1936. The spa and spa gardens are just off to the left of the hotel building. The building was occupied by Powys County Council, but they sold it to a developer and (as of 2026) it has not yet been redeveloped. There is no plaque commemorating the important achievement of the former resident.

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History of Geology Group @hoggroup.bsky.social · 30/07/2026

HOGG members visited The Lapworth Museum 29/07/26 when we viewed & discussed a range of historical objects in the archive behind the scenes. The Museum is uniquely valuable in holding artefacts & documents charting the work & life of the geologist it is named after, Charles Lapworth (1842–1920).

Photograph portrait of Charles Lapworth in the Lapworth aAchive of The Lapworth Museum, University of Birmingham (UK).

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History of Geology Group @hoggroup.bsky.social · 13/07/2026

John Phillips marked this landslip on the 5th edition of his 'New Index Geological Map of the British Isles', published in 1840, such was its fame amongst geologists & public alike, & it continued to be marked on Phillips' maps up to the 11th edition in 1862.

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History of Geology Group @hoggroup.bsky.social · 13/07/2026

John Phillips marked this landslip on the 5th edition of his 'New Index Geological Map of the British Isles', published in 1840, such was its fame amongs geologists and public alike, and it continued to be marked on Phillips' maps up to the 11th edition in 1862.

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History of Geology Group @hoggroup.bsky.social · 12/07/2026

This note mentions visit to Baker Street Bazar with a diorama/ panorama (scenery?) of Rome for 'Bohemian Brothers Mtng' - presumably the musical quartet? & Mr Sowerby's Museum in Lambeth, which featured the famous Wold Cottage Meteorite that landed 1795. Quite a cultural Saturday in London.

Portrait of James Sowerby,Snr by Thomas Heaphy, 1816, probably in the Museum house in Lambeth that Mary Anning visited with Charlotte Murchison in July 1829. The Wold Cottage meteorite is on the table at right. (Image from royalsocietypublishing.org)

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History of Geology Group @hoggroup.bsky.social · 28/06/2026

And we hope you paid homage to EB Bailey, C.T.Clough & H.B. Maufe who, 120 years ago, mapped the Gelocoe geology & recognised as a downfaulted block within an oval ring fault representing a collapsed caldera - the first detailed analysis of an eroded subaerial caldera. zenodo.org/records/2346...

E. B. Bailey ca/ 1910.
Image ©BGS (NERC) GeoScenic Assetbank ID 33766

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History of Geology Group @hoggroup.bsky.social · 27/06/2026

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History of Geology Group @hoggroup.bsky.social · 25/06/2026

in 1814 Colonel Mudge, Head of the Trigonometrical Survey, gave John MacCulloch (1775–1835) a verbal direction to search Scotland for a mountain suitable for the repetition of the Schiehallion experiment. Thus began the earlier comprehensive geological survey and mapping of Scotland.

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History of Geology Group @hoggroup.bsky.social · 12/06/2026

Smith's debt was to John Conolly who had invested in & loaned cash for Smith's Kingham Stone Quarry venture, near Tucking Mill. It was this that ruined him & not his map directly. Ironically the stone proved defective; cambering & rock fracture extended wider than Smith had anticipated- see sketch.

WIlliam Smith's Sketch section of Kingham Stone Quarry (in archives at @morethanadodo.bsky.social (OUNHM) A and B mark the location of his tunnel to quarry the ‘Prime Freestone’ and ‘Bottom Beds’ shown in the lower right-hand of his sketch. In November, 1812 he realised that he would only get access to and egress from these beds if he removed, or cut a short tunnel through the fallen blocks on the left-hand (southern) side of the sketch. This was the only way he could transport the quarried stone via the railway to Tucking Mill, where blocks were sawn into shape. The depiction of flat and evenly bedded prime freestone suggests that he anticipated no more ‘faulting’, or ‘gulling’, as he followed and extracted the stone underground. This turned out to be an unfortunate error of judgement.
(info. from Richard Irving 'William Smith and his Venture into ‘Stone Manufacture' https://rb.gy/ybx6cl )

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History of Geology Group @hoggroup.bsky.social · 03/06/2026

By 1813 Hutton's 1785 Glen Tilt trip had status: “this spot has acquired among geologists a sort of classical celebrity, sufficient to render it an object of interest, independently of that which is excited by the intricate and remarkable disposition of its rocks.” (John MacCulloch) 2/2

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History of Geology Group @hoggroup.bsky.social · 03/06/2026

James Hutton was born #OTD 300 years ago. His seminal work 'Theory of the Earth' (1798) made popular by his friend John Playfair's 'Illustrations of the Huttonian Theory' (1802) sparked a debate on geological processes, on the formation of strata and about (geological) time. 1/2

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History of Geology Group @hoggroup.bsky.social · 29/05/2026

The HOGG logo is also on the post at the Start of the Deep Time Trail, but we didn't like to boast! This is a huge addition to history of geology outreach, helping the public understand the story of how we have come to know the geology of our Earth. No fake news here - James Hutton would be proud!

Enlargement from an original photo by @tomsharperocks.bsky.social

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History of Geology Group @hoggroup.bsky.social · 29/05/2026

If you look carefully at the post by the Deep Time viewpoint overlooking Siccar Point (Stop 6 on the trail) you will see the logos of key supporters - can you spot the HOGG logo amongst them? HOGG was represented at the launch today by former Chairperson @tomsharperocks.bsky.social (Thanks Tom!)

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History of Geology Group @hoggroup.bsky.social · 19/05/2026

And here is Boué's 1820 map of Scotland that accompanied his book 'Essai Geologique Sur l'Ecosse' - dismissed in a contemporary review as 'a compound of plagiarism and conjecture' - but it was far more comprehensive than anything that has been produced at the time!

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History of Geology Group @hoggroup.bsky.social · 19/05/2026

Here is an photo of the full map of Ami Boué - the first geological map covering the globe, evaluated in an excellent paper by the late great David Oldroyd, published in Earth Sciences History www.jstor.org/stable/24138... Boué also compiled the first small-scale geological map of Scotland in 1820.

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History of Geology Group @hoggroup.bsky.social · 10/05/2026

H.C. Sorby's tomb is a kerb & plinth of 'Brincliffe Blue' sandstone, a highly-prized variety quarried less than a mile away, base of Scottish Rubislaw Granite & gable top of Peterhead Granite; with Sorby monograph on one end & Christian 'IHS' the other; aligned with the west door and church altar.

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History of Geology Group @hoggroup.bsky.social · 10/05/2026

A good turn out - a crowd of all ages attending today's birthday bicentenary wreath-laying event to commemorate Sheffield's greatest geologist & the last great gentleman geologist, Henry Clifton Sorby (1826–1908), at his graveside, Ecclesall Church, with Sorby Society & Sheffield Area Geology Trust.

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History of Geology Group @hoggroup.bsky.social · 10/05/2026

Sorby event at his graveside at All Saints Church,Ecclesall (Sheffield) to commemorate the bicentenary of his birth. 2pm today. All welcome.

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History of Geology Group @hoggroup.bsky.social · 10/05/2026

Henry Sorby was born on 10 May 1826, in Sheffield. A great geologist of immense ingenuity pioneering the techniques of microscopic petrology, slaty cleavage, fluid inclusions, meteorite structure & modern sedimentology & the founder of modern metallurgy. All this (& more) from his Sheffield home!

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History of Geology Group @hoggroup.bsky.social · 08/05/2026

HOGG sends congratulates Sir David Attenborough on his 100th birthday. His lifelong interest in geology and fossils extends to history of geology. He unveiled the green plaque commemorating the site of Strata Smith’s London home and wrote the foreword to 'William Smith's Fossils Reunited'.

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History of Geology Group @hoggroup.bsky.social · 27/03/2026

G.B.Greenough noted as the popular name for inferior Oolite in Group 14 of the geological groups on his 1820 map. Conybeare (1822) noted it differs from Bath stone in the abundance & yellowness of the calcareous matter by which it is cemented, & in being more porous & subject to flake after frost.

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History of Geology Group @hoggroup.bsky.social · 20/03/2026

HOGG members are looking forward to reading this from @tomsharperocks.bsky.social‬ + other articles. Join HOGG to receive GeoHistories (twice yearly)+ benefits = online talks, field meetings, archive etc. More details and simple instructions here historyofgeologygroup.org/join-hogg/

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History of Geology Group @hoggroup.bsky.social · 12/03/2026

Marking the birth of William Buckland in 1784 - he was a cutting-edge, enthusiastic, controversial (geo)scientist of genial nature & open to reasoned argument. Misunderstood & mythologised, his eccentric 'antics' much exaggerated. His flamboyance in reality a cover for self-doubt in advocating?

The Hyena's Den. This engraving of William Buckland exploring Kirkdale Cave in 1821, crawling amongst fossil bones and coprolites, accompanied a humorous verse by his friend W.D. Conybeare describing his 'expedition' to the Yorkshire cave. His scientific description and interpretation of the cave's fossils and deposits won him the award of the Copley Medal of the Royal Society. (Image: courtesy of Duncan Hawley collection ©, reproduced with permission.)

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History of Geology Group @hoggroup.bsky.social · 07/03/2026

2026 is the tercentenary of Hutton's birth - there are many events organised to commemorate his life and work - see james-hutton.org/events/ @hoggroup.bsky.social will mark his work with a field meeting following Hutton's 1786 journey to southwest Scotland in search of evidence for his theory.

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History of Geology Group @hoggroup.bsky.social · 01/03/2026

H. T. De la Beche placed a 'fleet' of Argonaut Nautilus in his Duria Antiquior (1830) - a reconstruction of the Jurassic life of Dorset. His list “Organic remains contained in the Lias Formation, in the vicinity of Lyme Regis”, read to @geolsoc.bsky.social 21 Nov 1823 (pub.1826)included Nautilus.

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History of Geology Group @hoggroup.bsky.social · 29/01/2026

And Charles Konig, Keeper of Geology and Mineraology at the British Museum, wrote to Mary stating that for the sum demanded. So was this find better than the 'almost perfect specimen' (as Conybeare would have it) purchased by the Duke of B? Here is the 1823 'monst'r' for comparison.

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History of Geology Group @hoggroup.bsky.social · 25/01/2026

Also worth reading this paper by the Steve Rowland, first to translate "On The Strata of the Earth" to English: Rowland S. 2013. The Life and Geological Writings of the 'Father of Russian Science': Mikhail Lomonosov. Earth Sciences History 32(1), 86–101. doi:10.17704/eshi.32.1.w41v482666805150

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History of Geology Group @hoggroup.bsky.social · 07/01/2026

Siccar Point is iconic but not where J.H. had his 'eureka' moment, that was at Jedbergh, a year earlier, 1787, where the 'discovery' confirmed his understanding of the disposition of the schistus and strata, giving him confidence to predict where else he might find the conjunction - including S.P.

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History of Geology Group @hoggroup.bsky.social · 04/01/2026

And prior to his appointment as Dean of Llandaff W.D.C. was Rector of Sully 1822–1836, residing at at the Rectory. It was here in July 1831 that he hosted a visit from Murchison and his wife at the start of their tour when he 'discovered' the Silurian...Conybeare pointed him in the right direction!

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History of Geology Group @hoggroup.bsky.social · 27/12/2025

Other instances of mistaken images on the web are: 1. the photos of Elizabeth Philpot (of Lyme Regis/Mary Anning connection) - the duff source is alchetron.com 2. Mary Anning - credited as the person in a drawing, when this is in fact William Buckland on a visit to North Wales shorturl.at/caA4r

This is NOT Mary Anning but is William Buckland, exploring the glacial geology of North Wales, drawn by his friend Thomas Sopwith. See paper by historian of geology and mary Anning biographer Tom Sharpe
A CASE OF MISTAKEN IDENTITY: IS MARY ANNING (1799–1847) ACTUALLY WILLIAM BUCKLAND (1784–1856)?
April 2021 Earth Sciences History 40(1):68-83
DOI: 10.17704/1944-6187-40.1.68
https://shorturl.at/caA4r

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History of Geology Group @hoggroup.bsky.social · 17/12/2025

N.B. Davy was well known in his time as active in geological circles & was instrumental, with George Bellas Greenough, in founding @geolsoc.bsky.social (1807). Here is the diagram on geology in Davy's 1813 'Lectures on Agricultural Chemistry', drawn by Thomas Webster. www.jstor.org/stable/40258...

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History of Geology Group @hoggroup.bsky.social · 07/12/2025

In 1834 Henry T. De la Beche (1796–1855) drew the remarkable & innovative "The Earth Supposed to be seen from Space" as the frontispiece for his book 'Researches in Theoretical Geology'. Considered the first accurate 'off planet' depiction of the Earth, it is the precursor to Blue Marble.

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History of Geology Group @hoggroup.bsky.social · 04/12/2025

Greenly's geological map of Anglesey is a masterpiece. Surveyed in minute detail as a lone project between 1895 and 1919 using 6 inch and 25 inch to the mile base maps, his summary map of 1 inch to the mile remains the standard geological map of Anglesey, over 80 years later!

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History of Geology Group @hoggroup.bsky.social · 25/11/2025

Btw ...we like the tale in the book about Geological Society founder George Bellas Greenough and his occasional controversies. Prof Cheshire rates GBG for his pioneer importance to spreading geographic/geologic literacy through use of maps to convey useful information. An early Tharp & Heezen?

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History of Geology Group @hoggroup.bsky.social · 25/11/2025

Cracking talk following the HOGG AGM this afternoon. Prof. James Cheshire (UCL) on 'Mapping the Ocean Floor'. Terrific insights into Heezen & Tharp's map + many more; a tale of science meets art in creative cartographic expression - the reality of their map was more nuanced than the standard story!

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History of Geology Group @hoggroup.bsky.social · 21/11/2025

Yes, the Lapworth Museum holds Lapworth's teaching charts...particularly his sections and sketches of Dob's Linn

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History of Geology Group @hoggroup.bsky.social · 20/11/2025

And it is a credit to the early @geolsoc.bsky.social and Greenough that a riposte was made available to all. It undoubtedly diffused tension if not controversy. Debate was at the heart of the Geol Soc, as was the refereeing of papers with GBG the originator of this now ubiquitous academic practice!

Manuscript of De la Beche's 1827 paper on the geology of Tor and Babbacombe Bays, refereed by George Bellas Greenough, who originated the now ubiquitous academic practice. Note how Greenough has deleted De la Beche's theoretical speculations. Image © reproduced Courtesy of National Museums Wales (Cardiff),

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History of Geology Group @hoggroup.bsky.social · 19/11/2025

Her account was subjected to the habitual skepticism of G.B.Greenough in his 1834 Presidential address to @geolsoc.bsky.social, a critique of Lyell's mountains formed by gradations vs elevation via volcanic force from below. He dismissed her account as she was not a naval officer observer of repute.

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