iiinova — where your digital self keeps evolving

hforsten @hforsten.com · 18/02/2026

This 55 A drone ESC has three nice looking SMD busbars to handle the high current.

hforsten @hforsten.com · 08/02/2026

Did you know that adding a thin plating of good conductor on badly conductive material in RF transmission line can have lower loss at RF than trace made fully of either material by itself? Thought this was a bug in my solver at first, but it's a real physical effect.

With 1 µm copper plating on thick nickel, the effective conductivity is better than if the trace was made fully from copper.

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hforsten @hforsten.com · 24/01/2026

I've been writing online transmission line field solver for a while. It will calculate impedance and loss for many PCB transmission lines. Supports solder mask, S-parameter export and more. Missing just last polishing and testing.

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hforsten @hforsten.com · 22/11/2025

Made this simple Vivaldi antenna. It's designed to work from 5.5 to 6.0 GHz and matching looks good at that band.

Vivaldi antenna on FR4 PCB with corrugations and director.

0210

hforsten @hforsten.com · 04/11/2025

This is getting quite expensive for a hobby project.

260

hforsten @hforsten.com · 04/10/2025

Synthetic aperture radar vs Gopro.

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hforsten @hforsten.com · 13/07/2025

Wrote code for SAR image antenna pattern normalization and polarimetric calibration (channel imbalance and crosstalk). Image looks very nice now.

Same image after antenna pattern normalization and polarimetric calibration.

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hforsten @hforsten.com · 11/06/2025

I implemented a new SAR autofocus algorithm and now the image generation is both better and faster. It's about as well focused as it can be now.

Polarimetric synthetic aperture radar image

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hforsten @hforsten.com · 05/06/2025

Fixed some bugs in my SAR processing code and now fast factorized backprojection generates a visually identical picture to the normal backprojection, but over 10 times faster. That's huge because normal backprojection was already extremely quick and there's still room for optimization with FFBP.

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hforsten @hforsten.com · 01/06/2025

Found motivation to write some SAR processing code. Fast factorized backprojection generates several small polar format images and then interpolates them to one big image. It's faster, but has slightly worse image quality due to all the interpolations.

Global backprojection vs fast factorized backprojection image quality. The biggest difference is larger sidelobes on the brightest target in the FFBP image.

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hforsten @hforsten.com · 29/05/2025

I made this new dual directional bridge coupler using 1 mm diameter coaxial cable. It's a little bit better than the previous one I made using 2 mm coaxial cable and much more annoying to solder.

Thru, coupled, and isolated port S21 with other ports terminated.

2120

hforsten @hforsten.com · 28/05/2025

It works really well. Loss is low and matching is excellent.

050

hforsten @hforsten.com · 28/05/2025

Bought this thru with 3.5mm RF connectors. It's air filled with just a thin see-thru membrane holding the center pin in place.

260

hforsten @hforsten.com · 21/05/2025

Some new RF connector test PCBs. Nameless low-cost solderless 3.5 mm connector on the left and CONSMA003.062 clone on the right. Both work okay.

Two test PCBs with 3.5 mm and SMA connectors

3.5 mm and SMA connector S-parameters with 11 mm line

3.5 mm and SMA connector time domain response with 11 mm long line

170

hforsten @hforsten.com · 06/05/2025

Bought this VNA calibration kit with 3.5 mm connectors. Looks good considering the 60€ price tag.

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hforsten @hforsten.com · 05/04/2025

There's a tiny gap between the case and SMA connector that radiates a little if not sealed. Putting some solder wick in the gap seals it nicely but there has to be some more elegant method.

2110

hforsten @hforsten.com · 04/04/2025

CNC machined case for the VNA just arrived. Machining quality is good and it looks stylish (very important). The cost was $140 including shipping and taxes, much cheaper than I initially feared.

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hforsten @hforsten.com · 24/03/2025

VNA also works as a temperature sensor and strain gauge.

1110

hforsten @hforsten.com · 24/03/2025

This turned out to be slightly more difficult than I first thought. Foil tears easily and even a small tear will affect the isolation. It might require multiple layers to get a tear free lining. Foil also needs to be glued down so that it doesn't move around or it will increase drift of the VNA.

480

hforsten @hforsten.com · 22/03/2025

The same measurement with my previous VNA (hforsten.com/improved-hom...), the new VNA has much better performance. 70 dB improvement in isolation + dynamic range at 8 GHz.

030

hforsten @hforsten.com · 22/03/2025

Got the VNA software working and made some first measurements. With shorts at both ports the isolation is excellent >100 dB and the VNA works well at least up to 10 GHz with slight dynamic range reduction at higher frequencies.

2120

hforsten @hforsten.com · 21/03/2025

Managed to design RF enclosure for the VNA in FreeCad. It's 3D printed and lined with aluminium foil. I'll get it CNC machined if everything works out but this is good enough for now.

1150

hforsten @hforsten.com · 17/03/2025

Good progress so far. Finished soldering of the PCB and managed to program the FPGA. Next is writing the software.

2150

hforsten @hforsten.com · 17/03/2025

Assembled PCB for my newest project just arrived. This should be 10 MHz to at least 8 GHz VNA. Next is powering it on and testing if it works.

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hforsten @hforsten.com · 13/03/2025

JLCPCB sent me an X-ray image of the FPGA on my PCB they assembled. Soldering looks good. Internal routing of the BGA package is also visible.

0130

hforsten @hforsten.com · 08/03/2025

Polarimetric SAR image from the same position. Radar can see much farther than the visible light camera.

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hforsten @hforsten.com · 08/03/2025

I added a sideways looking GoPro camera to my radar drone. Just tested it the first time and it looks very nice.

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hforsten @hforsten.com · 05/03/2025

I added some example synthetic aperture radar processing code and data from my drone for anyone wanting to experiment with SAR image processing: github.com/Ttl/torchbp/...

0141

hforsten @hforsten.com · 03/03/2025

+37 USD for 0.4 mm diameter vias. I'm pretty sure that this wasn't required when I previously ordered similar PCB last year.

220

hforsten @hforsten.com · 02/03/2025

Just sent my next project for manufacturing.

050

hforsten @hforsten.com · 27/02/2025

Suspiciously high amount of referrals from domains that include ".gov" lately.

020

hforsten @hforsten.com · 11/02/2025

New blog post: "Homemade polarimetric synthetic aperture radar drone". hforsten.com/homemade-pol...

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hforsten @hforsten.com · 04/02/2025

I made some dual directional bridge coupler test PCBs. It works very well and sharing the balun between two couplers doesn't seem to cause any issues. I also tested replacing the coaxial cable and ferrites with a transformer but it doesn't work very well.

130

hforsten @hforsten.com · 23/01/2025

Series capacitor measures 10 nF with multimeter. There are two wirewound inductors in series, I'd guess they are around 1 - 10 µH. Seems pretty solid for the price, this was only 18 EUR.

030

hforsten @hforsten.com · 23/01/2025

I bought this cheap Bias-T from China. It claims to function from 10 MHz to 10 GHz. Looks very nice from both outside and inside. Enclosure is machined from aluminium and PCB is not FR4. Measured with VNA it seems to work fine up to 6 GHz, but there's a small 1 dB dip in S21 around 1.1 GHz.

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hforsten @hforsten.com · 07/01/2025

I measured JLCPCB 4 layer stackup loss by extracting the transmission line propagation constant from TRL calibration. As far as I know JLCPCB doesn't specify tand anywhere? In the microstrip model I need to set tand to 0.014 to fit the measurements. That's better than the usual 0.02 assumed for FR4.

040

hforsten @hforsten.com · 16/12/2024

3D printed RF enclosure lined with aluminium foil. It probably isn't as good as if it was machined from metal, but it has excellent performance to price ratio.