dlvr.it
Toward a more effective ecological security pattern: why explicit integration of disservices and trade-offs matters
Faced with global biodiversity and ecosystem service losses, international frameworks—including the Kunming-Montreal Global Biodiversity Framework—set ambitious targets to safeguard and restore ecosystem integrity, connectivity, and resilience. Given limited financial resources, strategic cost-effective spatial planning is essential to maximise socio-environmental benefits while minimising unintended risks [1]. Peng et al. [2] reviewed ecological security pattern (ESP)—an emerging framework for landscape conservation and sustainability planning—and argued that ESP offers an actionable approach to strengthening ecological security by enhancing connectivity, biodiversity, and ecosystem services in real-world landscapes.
