Intrasite spatial studies of artifact distribution are not new. In fact, within the geographical scope of this paper (Portugal, Spain, and Morocco), they have been widely applied on prehistoric and protohistoric contexts. However, the scarcity of their use on other chrono-cultural contexts, such as Islamic ones, is evident. One of the reasons for this gap seems to be related to the archaeological context of historical sites and the way of approaching it, that shapes research questions, excavation strategies and recording techniques, subsequently defining the format of our data. As part of a PhD thesis conducted on the Igiliz archaeological site (Morocco, 11th-13th c.), a quantitative and spatial study is developed on faunal remains with the aim of tailoring a method to the archaeological context, data format and material proxy under study. The approach is based on an exploratory trial and error process of finding suitable methods for the treatment, analysis and visualization of this material. In the present paper, a brief literature review explores the reasons for the gap in the application of intrasite approaches to the chrono-cultural area under study. As the application focuses on faunal remains, the paper then provides a brief overview of the methodology as tailored to this material. Finally, the aim is to emphasize the biases, problems and issues encountered in applying such approach at Igiliz, by discussing failed attempts in treatment and visualization methods and the solutions encountered for our context. The attempts show that commonly used processing methods such as heatmaps by Kernel Density Estimation (KDE), are unfit for our data and context. A visualization at the scale of the units or rooms using an adapted symbology is preferred. Meanwhile, analyzing and identifying trends within the distribution of faunal remains can only be reached by using multivariate statistics, such as Correspondence Analysis and Hierarchical Cluster Analysis, the subsequent spatialization of clusters contributing to the understanding of differences and similarities between the assemblages of spaces, units and rooms at the scale of the site. Both solutions proposed present understandable and exploitable results, showing similar trends within the distribution of the two main taxa at the site (Caprinae and Bos taurus). Although the results are preliminary at this stage of the study, they respond to the challenges presented and demonstrate the possibility of applying intrasite quantitative and spatial approaches on a historical context and their potentiality for analyzing functional and social aspects at Igiliz.

Intrasite spatial studies of artifact distribution are not new. In fact, within the geographical scope of this paper (Portugal, Spain, and Morocco), they have been widely applied on prehistoric and protohistoric contexts. However, the scarcity of their use on other chrono-cultural contexts, such as Islamic ones, is evident. One of the reasons for this gap seems to be related to the archaeological context of historical sites and the way of approaching it, that shapes research questions, excavation strategies and recording techniques, subsequently defining the format of our data. As part of a PhD thesis conducted on the Igiliz archaeological site (Morocco, 11th-13th c.), a quantitative and spatial study is developed on faunal remains with the aim of tailoring a method to the archaeological context, data format and material proxy under study. The approach is based on an exploratory trial and error process of finding suitable methods for the treatment, analysis and visualization of this material. In the present paper, a brief literature review explores the reasons for the gap in the application of intrasite approaches to the chrono-cultural area under study. As the application focuses on faunal remains, the paper then provides a brief overview of the methodology as tailored to this material. Finally, the aim is to emphasize the biases, problems and issues encountered in applying such approach at Igiliz, by discussing failed attempts in treatment and visualization methods and the solutions encountered for our context. The attempts show that commonly used processing methods such as heatmaps by Kernel Density Estimation (KDE), are unfit for our data and context. A visualization at the scale of the units or rooms using an adapted symbology is preferred. Meanwhile, analyzing and identifying trends within the distribution of faunal remains can only be reached by using multivariate statistics, such as Correspondence Analysis and Hierarchical Cluster Analysis, the subsequent spatialization of clusters contributing to the understanding of differences and similarities between the assemblages of spaces, units and rooms at the scale of the site. Both solutions proposed present understandable and exploitable results, showing similar trends within the distribution of the two main taxa at the site (Caprinae and Bos taurus). Although the results are preliminary at this stage of the study, they respond to the challenges presented and demonstrate the possibility of applying intrasite quantitative and spatial approaches on a historical context and their potentiality for analyzing functional and social aspects at Igiliz.

Intrasite spatial studies of artifact distribution are not new. In fact, within the geographical scope of this paper (Portugal, Spain, and Morocco), they have been widely applied on prehistoric and protohistoric contexts. However, the scarcity of their use on other chrono-cultural contexts, such as Islamic ones, is evident. One of the reasons for this gap seems to be related to the archaeological context of historical sites and the way of approaching it, that shapes research questions, excavation strategies and recording techniques, subsequently defining the format of our data. As part of a PhD thesis conducted on the Igiliz archaeological site (Morocco, 11th-13th c.), a quantitative and spatial study is developed on faunal remains with the aim of tailoring a method to the archaeological context, data format and material proxy under study. The approach is based on an exploratory trial and error process of finding suitable methods for the treatment, analysis and visualization of this material. In the present paper, a brief literature review explores the reasons for the gap in the application of intrasite approaches to the chrono-cultural area under study. As the application focuses on faunal remains, the paper then provides a brief overview of the methodology as tailored to this material. Finally, the aim is to emphasize the biases, problems and issues encountered in applying such approach at Igiliz, by discussing failed attempts in treatment and visualization methods and the solutions encountered for our context. The attempts show that commonly used processing methods such as heatmaps by Kernel Density Estimation (KDE), are unfit for our data and context. A visualization at the scale of the units or rooms using an adapted symbology is preferred. Meanwhile, analyzing and identifying trends within the distribution of faunal remains can only be reached by using multivariate statistics, such as Correspondence Analysis and Hierarchical Cluster Analysis, the subsequent spatialization of clusters contributing to the understanding of differences and similarities between the assemblages of spaces, units and rooms at the scale of the site. Both solutions proposed present understandable and exploitable results, showing similar trends within the distribution of the two main taxa at the site (Caprinae and Bos taurus). Although the results are preliminary at this stage of the study, they respond to the challenges presented and demonstrate the possibility of applying intrasite quantitative and spatial approaches on a historical context and their potentiality for analyzing functional and social aspects at Igiliz.

Assessing the risk of pesticides to birds requires models that can extrapolate laboratory data to realistic exposure scenarios. In this work, we propose a new modeling framework BIRDkiss (Bird - Impact on Reproduction via Diet, keep it simple and suitable ). This framework integrates a simplified Dynamic Energy Budget (DEBkiss) of organisms and the toxicokinetic–toxicodynamic (TKTD) of chemical substances according to a trait-based approach, thereby reducing the number of parameters to identify and strengthening the statistical robustness of the critical endpoints. The BIRDkiss model describes how food intake and toxicant exposure affect growth and egg production in birds over time. The model is fully embedded within an R package, including routines for calibration, validation and prediction under single-compound scenarios performed via Bayesian inference using standard data from the OECD avian reproduction tests. The BIRDkiss model also allows the simulations of scenarios under both varying food availability and multi-compound exposures based on the two classical mixture-toxicity paradigms: Concentration Addition (CA) and Independent Action (IA). The results of calibration for single compounds show good results matching with observed weights and egg counts. From these calibrations, predictions for new exposure scenarios can be readily generated. For mixtures, the IA algorithm is simpler and does not require to scale variables as in CA. Simulations indicate that high food levels do not further increase egg production (saturation), whereas substantial food reductions markedly decrease reproduction because energy is reallocated to maintenance. Exposure to chemicals combined to low food availability amplify the decline in reproductive output. The ready-to-use mechanistic, open-source BIRDkiss tool enables predicting the impact of pesticides on avian reproduction under realistic dietary exposure profiles. The implementation of CA and IA models is a first step toward mechanistic assessment of chemical mixtures, although validation still requires empirical mixture data. The model highlights the importance of food availability and shows that chemical stress can exacerbate the negative effects of nutritional stress. Integrating such models into regulatory frameworks could improve the ecological relevance of risk assessments. ![Figure][1] ### Competing Interest Statement The authors have declared no competing interest. European Food Safety Authority, https://ror.org/056nc1c48, OC/EFSA/SCER/2021/07 [1]: pending:yes

Assessing the risk of pesticides to birds requires models that can extrapolate laboratory data to realistic exposure scenarios. In this work, we propose a new modeling framework BIRDkiss (Bird - Impact on Reproduction via Diet, keep it simple and suitable ). This framework integrates a simplified Dynamic Energy Budget (DEBkiss) of organisms and the toxicokinetic–toxicodynamic (TKTD) of chemical substances according to a trait-based approach, thereby reducing the number of parameters to identify and strengthening the statistical robustness of the critical endpoints. The BIRDkiss model describes how food intake and toxicant exposure affect growth and egg production in birds over time. The model is fully embedded within an R package, including routines for calibration, validation and prediction under single-compound scenarios performed via Bayesian inference using standard data from the OECD avian reproduction tests. The BIRDkiss model also allows the simulations of scenarios under both varying food availability and multi-compound exposures based on the two classical mixture-toxicity paradigms: Concentration Addition (CA) and Independent Action (IA). The results of calibration for single compounds show good results matching with observed weights and egg counts. From these calibrations, predictions for new exposure scenarios can be readily generated. For mixtures, the IA algorithm is simpler and does not require to scale variables as in CA. Simulations indicate that high food levels do not further increase egg production (saturation), whereas substantial food reductions markedly decrease reproduction because energy is reallocated to maintenance. Exposure to chemicals combined to low food availability amplify the decline in reproductive output. The ready-to-use mechanistic, open-source BIRDkiss tool enables predicting the impact of pesticides on avian reproduction under realistic dietary exposure profiles. The implementation of CA and IA models is a first step toward mechanistic assessment of chemical mixtures, although validation still requires empirical mixture data. The model highlights the importance of food availability and shows that chemical stress can exacerbate the negative effects of nutritional stress. Integrating such models into regulatory frameworks could improve the ecological relevance of risk assessments. ![Figure][1] ### Competing Interest Statement The authors have declared no competing interest. European Food Safety Authority, https://ror.org/056nc1c48, OC/EFSA/SCER/2021/07 [1]: pending:yes

Assessing the risk of pesticides to birds requires models that can extrapolate laboratory data to realistic exposure scenarios. In this work, we propose a new modeling framework BIRDkiss (Bird - Impact on Reproduction via Diet, keep it simple and suitable ). This framework integrates a simplified Dynamic Energy Budget (DEBkiss) of organisms and the toxicokinetic–toxicodynamic (TKTD) of chemical substances according to a trait-based approach, thereby reducing the number of parameters to identify and strengthening the statistical robustness of the critical endpoints. The BIRDkiss model describes how food intake and toxicant exposure affect growth and egg production in birds over time. The model is fully embedded within an R package, including routines for calibration, validation and prediction under single-compound scenarios performed via Bayesian inference using standard data from the OECD avian reproduction tests. The BIRDkiss model also allows the simulations of scenarios under both varying food availability and multi-compound exposures based on the two classical mixture-toxicity paradigms: Concentration Addition (CA) and Independent Action (IA). The results of calibration for single compounds show good results matching with observed weights and egg counts. From these calibrations, predictions for new exposure scenarios can be readily generated. For mixtures, the IA algorithm is simpler and does not require to scale variables as in CA. Simulations indicate that high food levels do not further increase egg production (saturation), whereas substantial food reductions markedly decrease reproduction because energy is reallocated to maintenance. Exposure to chemicals combined to low food availability amplify the decline in reproductive output. The ready-to-use mechanistic, open-source BIRDkiss tool enables predicting the impact of pesticides on avian reproduction under realistic dietary exposure profiles. The implementation of CA and IA models is a first step toward mechanistic assessment of chemical mixtures, although validation still requires empirical mixture data. The model highlights the importance of food availability and shows that chemical stress can exacerbate the negative effects of nutritional stress. Integrating such models into regulatory frameworks could improve the ecological relevance of risk assessments. ![Figure][1] ### Competing Interest Statement The authors have declared no competing interest. European Food Safety Authority, https://ror.org/056nc1c48, OC/EFSA/SCER/2021/07 [1]: pending:yes

Assessing the risk of pesticides to birds requires models that can extrapolate laboratory data to realistic exposure scenarios. In this work, we propose a new modeling framework BIRDkiss (Bird - Impact on Reproduction via Diet, keep it simple and suitable ). This framework integrates a simplified Dynamic Energy Budget (DEBkiss) of organisms and the toxicokinetic–toxicodynamic (TKTD) of chemical substances according to a trait-based approach, thereby reducing the number of parameters to identify and strengthening the statistical robustness of the critical endpoints. The BIRDkiss model describes how food intake and toxicant exposure affect growth and egg production in birds over time. The model is fully embedded within an R package, including routines for calibration, validation and prediction under single-compound scenarios performed via Bayesian inference using standard data from the OECD avian reproduction tests. The BIRDkiss model also allows the simulations of scenarios under both varying food availability and multi-compound exposures based on the two classical mixture-toxicity paradigms: Concentration Addition (CA) and Independent Action (IA). The results of calibration for single compounds show good results matching with observed weights and egg counts. From these calibrations, predictions for new exposure scenarios can be readily generated. For mixtures, the IA algorithm is simpler and does not require to scale variables as in CA. Simulations indicate that high food levels do not further increase egg production (saturation), whereas substantial food reductions markedly decrease reproduction because energy is reallocated to maintenance. Exposure to chemicals combined to low food availability amplify the decline in reproductive output. The ready-to-use mechanistic, open-source BIRDkiss tool enables predicting the impact of pesticides on avian reproduction under realistic dietary exposure profiles. The implementation of CA and IA models is a first step toward mechanistic assessment of chemical mixtures, although validation still requires empirical mixture data. The model highlights the importance of food availability and shows that chemical stress can exacerbate the negative effects of nutritional stress. Integrating such models into regulatory frameworks could improve the ecological relevance of risk assessments. ![Figure][1] ### Competing Interest Statement The authors have declared no competing interest. European Food Safety Authority, https://ror.org/056nc1c48, OC/EFSA/SCER/2021/07 [1]: pending:yes

OpenArchaeo is a semantic-web platform dedicated to archaeology, developed by MASAplus, a french Research Infrastructure Huma-Num consortium, to federate archaeological information scattered in heterogeneous silos, thus building links between datasets. We present its ontology, representing the key entities in the field of archaeology. Information about places, chronology, people or physical object typology uses controlled vocabularies, ensuring that each dataset contains disambiguated information and scientific terms that are shared and reusable by the community. Links between the datasets are established through both the ontology and the controled vocabularies. Datasets in OpenArchaeo are thus structured as knowledge graphs and managed in an online triplestore providing a public query endpoint. We explain the workflow for generating these knowledge graphs from legacy datasets. For humans, a visual querying interface was developed, which allows archaeologists to query the datasets using their domain knowledge, without needing to be familiar with the Semantic Web or the underlying ontology. We introduce this visual querying interface dedicated to archaeologists. OpenArchaeo is an Open Data portal: it increases the value of research data by making it easy to find and access on the web, in line with the two first FAIR principles. The use of semantic technologies, standard ontologies and controlled vocabularies meets their requirements for interoperability, and reusability. Moreover, creating links between siloed heterogeneous datasets increases opportunities for reuse.

OpenArchaeo is a semantic-web platform dedicated to archaeology, developed by MASAplus, a french Research Infrastructure Huma-Num consortium, to federate archaeological information scattered in heterogeneous silos, thus building links between datasets. We present its ontology, representing the key entities in the field of archaeology. Information about places, chronology, people or physical object typology uses controlled vocabularies, ensuring that each dataset contains disambiguated information and scientific terms that are shared and reusable by the community. Links between the datasets are established through both the ontology and the controled vocabularies. Datasets in OpenArchaeo are thus structured as knowledge graphs and managed in an online triplestore providing a public query endpoint. We explain the workflow for generating these knowledge graphs from legacy datasets. For humans, a visual querying interface was developed, which allows archaeologists to query the datasets using their domain knowledge, without needing to be familiar with the Semantic Web or the underlying ontology. We introduce this visual querying interface dedicated to archaeologists. OpenArchaeo is an Open Data portal: it increases the value of research data by making it easy to find and access on the web, in line with the two first FAIR principles. The use of semantic technologies, standard ontologies and controlled vocabularies meets their requirements for interoperability, and reusability. Moreover, creating links between siloed heterogeneous datasets increases opportunities for reuse.

OpenArchaeo is a semantic-web platform dedicated to archaeology, developed by MASAplus, a french Research Infrastructure Huma-Num consortium, to federate archaeological information scattered in heterogeneous silos, thus building links between datasets. We present its ontology, representing the key entities in the field of archaeology. Information about places, chronology, people or physical object typology uses controlled vocabularies, ensuring that each dataset contains disambiguated information and scientific terms that are shared and reusable by the community. Links between the datasets are established through both the ontology and the controled vocabularies. Datasets in OpenArchaeo are thus structured as knowledge graphs and managed in an online triplestore providing a public query endpoint. We explain the workflow for generating these knowledge graphs from legacy datasets. For humans, a visual querying interface was developed, which allows archaeologists to query the datasets using their domain knowledge, without needing to be familiar with the Semantic Web or the underlying ontology. We introduce this visual querying interface dedicated to archaeologists. OpenArchaeo is an Open Data portal: it increases the value of research data by making it easy to find and access on the web, in line with the two first FAIR principles. The use of semantic technologies, standard ontologies and controlled vocabularies meets their requirements for interoperability, and reusability. Moreover, creating links between siloed heterogeneous datasets increases opportunities for reuse.

OpenArchaeo is a semantic-web platform dedicated to archaeology, developed by MASAplus, a french Research Infrastructure Huma-Num consortium, to federate archaeological information scattered in heterogeneous silos, thus building links between datasets. We present its ontology, representing the key entities in the field of archaeology. Information about places, chronology, people or physical object typology uses controlled vocabularies, ensuring that each dataset contains disambiguated information and scientific terms that are shared and reusable by the community. Links between the datasets are established through both the ontology and the controled vocabularies. Datasets in OpenArchaeo are thus structured as knowledge graphs and managed in an online triplestore providing a public query endpoint. We explain the workflow for generating these knowledge graphs from legacy datasets. For humans, a visual querying interface was developed, which allows archaeologists to query the datasets using their domain knowledge, without needing to be familiar with the Semantic Web or the underlying ontology. We introduce this visual querying interface dedicated to archaeologists. OpenArchaeo is an Open Data portal: it increases the value of research data by making it easy to find and access on the web, in line with the two first FAIR principles. The use of semantic technologies, standard ontologies and controlled vocabularies meets their requirements for interoperability, and reusability. Moreover, creating links between siloed heterogeneous datasets increases opportunities for reuse.

OpenArchaeo is a semantic-web platform dedicated to archaeology, developed by MASAplus, a french Research Infrastructure Huma-Num consortium, to federate archaeological information scattered in heterogeneous silos, thus building links between datasets. We present its ontology, representing the key entities in the field of archaeology. Information about places, chronology, people or physical object typology uses controlled vocabularies, ensuring that each dataset contains disambiguated information and scientific terms that are shared and reusable by the community. Links between the datasets are established through both the ontology and the controled vocabularies. Datasets in OpenArchaeo are thus structured as knowledge graphs and managed in an online triplestore providing a public query endpoint. We explain the workflow for generating these knowledge graphs from legacy datasets. For humans, a visual querying interface was developed, which allows archaeologists to query the datasets using their domain knowledge, without needing to be familiar with the Semantic Web or the underlying ontology. We introduce this visual querying interface dedicated to archaeologists. OpenArchaeo is an Open Data portal: it increases the value of research data by making it easy to find and access on the web, in line with the two first FAIR principles. The use of semantic technologies, standard ontologies and controlled vocabularies meets their requirements for interoperability, and reusability. Moreover, creating links between siloed heterogeneous datasets increases opportunities for reuse.

Manuscript, supplementary files, stimuli, pilot data and script used to conduct the power analysis.In-principle acceptance of the Stage 1 programmatic registered report received by PCI-RR on June 19, 2024. https://rr.peercommunityin.org/articles/rec?id=646

Manuscript, supplementary files, stimuli, pilot data and script used to conduct the power analysis.In-principle acceptance of the Stage 1 programmatic registered report received by PCI-RR on June 19, 2024. https://rr.peercommunityin.org/articles/rec?id=646

Manuscript, supplementary files, stimuli, pilot data and script used to conduct the power analysis.In-principle acceptance of the Stage 1 programmatic registered report received by PCI-RR on June 19, 2024. https://rr.peercommunityin.org/articles/rec?id=646

Manuscript, supplementary files, stimuli, pilot data and script used to conduct the power analysis.In-principle acceptance of the Stage 1 programmatic registered report received by PCI-RR on June 19, 2024. https://rr.peercommunityin.org/articles/rec?id=646

Manuscript, supplementary files, stimuli, pilot data and script used to conduct the power analysis.In-principle acceptance of the Stage 1 programmatic registered report received by PCI-RR on June 19, 2024. https://rr.peercommunityin.org/articles/rec?id=646