Rich Frank @richwfrank.bsky.social · 25/08/2026Sub-nationally the question shifts from where to whom. Specifically, younger citizens and female candidates face higher risk. But most studies do not test the whom. 81% of subnational models never say who the perpetrator was, and 97% of national models never say who the victim was. 10/n 100
Rich Frank @richwfrank.bsky.social · 25/08/2026My takeaways for future research: - Focus more on election-specific triggers, not just slow-moving structural factors, - Better id perpetrators & targets, - stop generalizing across levels of analysis, - fix measurement. Findings from 157 measures from 40 sources are unlikely to generalize. 11/n 100
Rich Frank @richwfrank.bsky.social · 25/08/2026If you want to read more, you can find the paper at doi.org/10.1177/0022... or on my website. Thanks for reading! 12/12doi.orgExplaining election violence: A meta-analysisAbstract. The literature on election violence lacks a consistent set of core predictors for why certain elections are violent and others are not. Between 2 000