This led to some fascinating doublethink moments starting in the mid-30s (when Stalin had many experts, trained by American specialists at significant cost to the state, shot as spies) and continuing into the Cold War era.
The hamburger became "kotleta" — de-foreignized, beyond reproach.
@spavel.bsky.socialOf course, during the Cold War ketchup disappeared from store shelves for ideological reasons, replaced with euphemistic names like "krasnodar sauce" or "spicy sauce" made with tomato and apple puree.
Real ketchup could only be acquired from Bulgaria until the 90s.
